Extent of defect Aetiology Superficial and perianal defects AIN/Paget’s disease/melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers Condyloma Hidradenitis suppurativa Pilonidal disease Post-debridement for trauma/infection Partial anal defects Local tumour excision Repair post-stenosis…
Fig. 18.1 Anal endosonography of a man with a transsphincteric fistula (same patient as Fig. 18.4). There is a hyporeflective track (arrows) through the external sphincter, but it is more…
Some commonly used dermatological terms Macule – a flat skin lesion <5 mm in diameter Patch – a flat skin lesion >5 mm in diameter Papule – a raised skin…
Male defects Rectourethral fistula Rectoperineal fistula Rectovesical (bladder neck) fistula Imperforate anus with no fistula Rectal atresia/stenosis Female defects Rectovestibular fistula Rectoperineal fistula Cloacal malformation Imperforate anus with no fistula…
A. Altered stool consistency (diarrhoeal states) 1. Inflammatory bowel diseases 2. Infectious diarrhoea 3. Malabsorption syndromes 4. Short gut syndrome 5. Laxative abuse 6. Irritable bowel syndrome B. Inadequate rectal…
Fig. 9.1 Expulsion time: the levator ani and puborectalis sling are stretched Fig. 9.2 Introitus aspect in nulliparous and multiparous A rectocele may also be the end result of chronic…
Fig. 17.1 (a) The anal canal [1]. (b) The anorectum [1] The proximal aspect of the canal is defined by the anorectal ring, comprised of the proximal aspects of the…
An anal fissure is a linear ulcer in the squamous epithelium of the anal canal located just distal to the dentate line. The French surgeon, Joseph-Claude-Anthelme Recamier (1774–1852), has been…
Fig. 3.1 Endoanal ultrasound demonstrating normal sphincter anatomy. Subepithelium (dotted arrow) and internal anal sphincter (thin arrow). The longitudinal muscle (square) and external anal sphincter (circle) with comparable reflectivity are…
1. Must have at least 2 of the following: (a) Straining during at least 25 % of defaecations (b) Lumpy or hard stools in at least 25 % of defaecations…
