Evasion of Innate Host Defenses by SARS-CoV-2 and Its Pathogenetic Correlates Roberto Patarca William A. Haseltine INTRODUCTION Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has evolved multiple and redundant ways…

MassCPR: Research Collaboration to Confront a Pandemic M. William Lensch Arlene H. Sharpe Bruce D. Walker Howard M. Heller George Q. Daley David E. Golan INTRODUCTION In January of 2020…

COVID-19 Vaccines Gabriel Dagotto Catherine Jacob-Dolan Dan H. Barouch INTRODUCTION Vaccines get their name from the Latin word for cow, vacca, in part because the first vaccine, introduced by Edward…

A Brief History and Future Directions for Small Molecule Antivirals for COVID-19 and the Next Pandemic Mark Namchuk INTRODUCTION The scientific response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was…

Antibodies in COVID-19 Mehak Zahoor Khan Rachel Leeson Carole Henry Galit Alter INTRODUCTION Antibodies, or immunoglobulins (Igs), were first mentioned in the literature in 1890, when Emil von Behring and…

Treatment of COVID-19 in Adults Nikolaus Jilg Adil Yunis Christopher Newton-Cheh Rajesh T. Gandhi INTRODUCTION COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in late 2019 and…

Organ Pathogenesis: Lung, Heart, Kidney, Liver, Pancreas, Brain Nagme Bilgehan Galatea Stavraka Justin Stebbing INTRODUCTION During the early stages of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in 2020, the general…

T Cells and COVID-19 Shiv Pillai INTRODUCTION: T-CELL RESPONSES TO VIRUSES When one considers immune responses to viruses in general, there is broad acceptance, largely based on studies on rodents…