Figure 34–1 Biosynthesis of sex steroids. In the ovary, pregnenolone is converted to androstenedione and testosterone in thecal cells. These steroids are then converted to estrone and estradiol in granulosa…
Figure 21–1 Structures of selected local anesthetics. Local anesthetics are formulated as hydrochloride salts with a pH less than 7, as the ionized molecule is more soluble and stable than…
Autacoids regulate certain aspects of gastrointestinal, uterine, and renal function, and they are involved in pain, fever, inflammation, allergic reactions, asthma, thromboembolic disorders, and other pathologic conditions. Drugs that inhibit…
Differences in the amino acid composition of insulins are shown in the following table. Secretion Insulin secretion has meal-stimulated and basal components. Insulin release is activated by the rise in…
Figure 45–1 Cell cycle activity of antineoplastic drugs. The cycle of cell replication includes the sequential phases of G1 (gap 1), S (DNA synthesis), G2 (gap 2), and M (mitosis)….
Figure 38–1 Comparison of the cell envelopes of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. (A) The gram-positive bacterium has a thick cell wall but does not have an outer membrane. β-Lactamases are…
Figure 43–1 Mechanisms of action of nucleoside analogues used in the treatment of viral infections. Acyclovir and other nucleoside analogues are converted to active nucleoside triphosphates by viral and host…
Figure 16–1 Normal hemostasis. (1) When a small blood vessel is injured, vasospasm reduces blood flow and facilitates platelet aggregation and coagulation. (2) The platelets, which adhere to extravascular collagen,…
The classification includes two stages of hypertension that confer differences in follow-up recommendations and management. In addition to providing information about lifestyle modifications, stage 1 hypertension should be confirmed within…
Sites of Drug Action Some antipsychotic drugs (e.g., clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone) block serotonin 5-HT2 receptors in the mesocortical pathway to the prefrontal lobe cortex. This increases the release of…
