Figure 18–1 CNS neurotransmission and sites of drug action. CNS drugs act primarily by affecting the synthesis, storage, release, reuptake, or degradation of neurotransmitters (NTs) or by activating receptors. NTs…
Figure 8–1 Primary tissue locations of α-adrenoceptors and β-adrenoceptors. Whereas α1– and β2-adrenoceptors are primarily located in smooth muscle, β1-adrenoceptors are predominantly found in cardiac tissue. Some α2-adrenoceptors are located…
Effects of Drugs on Sleep Architecture The sleep patterns of patients with insomnia vary widely but are often characterized by reduced amounts of slow-wave sleep and by one or more…
Figure 12–1 Pathophysiology and treatment of heart failure. ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme. The combination of edema-related hypoxemia and the heart’s failure to pump sufficient blood to adequately perfuse the tissues…
OVERVIEW Endoparasitic infections are extremely common in many parts of the world, particularly in areas where the climate is warm and moist, the sanitation is poor, and insects and other…
Figure 27–1 Pathophysiology of asthma and sites of anti-inflammatory drug action. When allergens activate T cells, cytokine production is stimulated. The cytokines, in turn, trigger the recruitment, activation, and release…
Figure 36–1 Calcium and bone metabolism. Vitamin D facilitates calcium absorption from the gut. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) decreases calcium excretion in the urine but increases phosphorus excretion (not shown). Endogenously…
Figure 33–1 Biosynthetic pathways for adrenal steroids. (A) Major pathways for mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid, and androgen biosynthesis are shown. Important enzymes include 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), steroid 21-hydroxylase (P45021), steroid 11β-hydroxylase (P45011β),…
Figure 15–1 Comparison of normal (A) and atherosclerotic (B) arterial walls. Steps in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis are as follows: (1) Damage to the endothelium is followed by invasion of…
