Local and General Anesthetics
Figure 21–1 Structures of selected local anesthetics. Local anesthetics are formulated as hydrochloride salts with a pH less than 7, as the ionized molecule is more soluble and stable than…
Autacoid Drugs
Autacoids regulate certain aspects of gastrointestinal, uterine, and renal function, and they are involved in pain, fever, inflammation, allergic reactions, asthma, thromboembolic disorders, and other pathologic conditions. Drugs that inhibit…
Drugs for Diabetes Mellitus
Differences in the amino acid composition of insulins are shown in the following table. Secretion Insulin secretion has meal-stimulated and basal components. Insulin release is activated by the rise in…
Antineoplastic and Immunomodulating Drugs
Figure 45–1 Cell cycle activity of antineoplastic drugs. The cycle of cell replication includes the sequential phases of G1 (gap 1), S (DNA synthesis), G2 (gap 2), and M (mitosis)….
Inhibitors of Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis
Figure 38–1 Comparison of the cell envelopes of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. (A) The gram-positive bacterium has a thick cell wall but does not have an outer membrane. β-Lactamases are…
Antiviral Drugs
Figure 43–1 Mechanisms of action of nucleoside analogues used in the treatment of viral infections. Acyclovir and other nucleoside analogues are converted to active nucleoside triphosphates by viral and host…
Anticoagulant, Antiplatelet, and Fibronolytic Drugs
Figure 16–1 Normal hemostasis. (1) When a small blood vessel is injured, vasospasm reduces blood flow and facilitates platelet aggregation and coagulation. (2) The platelets, which adhere to extravascular collagen,…
Antihypertensive Drugs
The classification includes two stages of hypertension that confer differences in follow-up recommendations and management. In addition to providing information about lifestyle modifications, stage 1 hypertension should be confirmed within…
Psychotherapeutic Drugs
Sites of Drug Action Some antipsychotic drugs (e.g., clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone) block serotonin 5-HT2 receptors in the mesocortical pathway to the prefrontal lobe cortex. This increases the release of…
Antiepileptic Drugs
Figure 20–1 Patterns on electroencephalogram (EEG) in the normal state and during seizures. The locations of seizure foci are shown as shaded areas on the cerebral hemispheres. (A) In the…
