2 Immune Response to Infection
FIGURE 2–1. Human blood cells. Stem cells in the bone marrow divide to form two blood cell lineages: (1) the lymphoid stem cell gives rise to B cells that become…
46 Candida, Aspergillus, Pneumocystis, and Other Opportunistic Fungi
CANDIDA: GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Candida species grow as typical 4 to 6 μm, budding, round, or oval yeast cells (Figure 46–1) under most conditions and at most temperatures. Under certain conditions,…
57 Trematodes
Two groups: Hermaphrodites and schistosomes For both groups, snails release motile cercariae in water Schistosoma cercariae in water infect humans through skin Of the many trematodes that infect humans, only…
26 Corynebacterium, Listeria, and Bacillus
And he would play his Diphtheria Blues —Frank Zappa This chapter includes a variety of highly pathogenic Gram-positive rods that are not currently common causes of human disease. Their medical…
10 Viruses of Mumps, Measles, Rubella, and Other Childhood Exanthems
MUMPS VIROLOGY Mumps virus is a paramyxovirus, and only one major antigenic type is known. Like fellow members of its genus, it contains a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome, and a…
36 Plague and Other Bacterial Zoonotic Diseases
BRUCELLA BACTERIOLOGY Brucella species are small, coccobacillary, Gram-negative rods that morphologically resemble Haemophilus and Bordetella. They are nonmotile, non-acid-fast, and non-spore-forming. The cells have a typical Gram-negative structure, and the…
45 Dermatophytes, Sporothrix, and Other Superficial and Subcutaneous Fungi
SUPERFICIAL FUNGI Dermatophytes Dermatophytoses are superficial infections of the skin and its appendages, commonly known as ringworm (Figure 45–1), athlete’s foot, and jock itch. They are caused by species of…
32 Vibrio, Campylobacter, and Helicobacter
heart is like wax; it is melted in the midst of my bowels. —The Bible: Psalms 22:14 This group of curved Gram-negative rods includes Vibrio cholerae, the cause of cholera,…
19 Papilloma and Polyoma Viruses
PAPILLOMAVIRUSES VIROLOGY Papillomaviruses are small, naked capsid (unenveloped), double-stranded, circular DNA viruses exhibiting cubic (icosahedral) symmetry of 55 nm in diameter (Figure 19–1). The icosahedral capsid comprises two capsid (structural)…
40 Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and Bartonella
BACTERIOLOGY STRUCTURE Rickettsiae are small coccobacilli (Figure 40–1) which measure no more than 0.3 to 0.5 μm. Although the Gram reaction is negative, rickettsiae take the usual bacterial stains poorly…
