Cardiac and chest
Chapter 5. Cardiac and chest Chest pain 125 Arrhythmias 132 Breathlessness 139 CHEST PAIN Initial assessment Delay in the diagnosis of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) can result in serious…
Proctologic Conditions
Proctologic Conditions Anorectal anatomy • Anorectal region: — Anus: extends from 3 to 4 cm above anal verge and merges with rectum — Rectum: 12 to 18 cm in length — Anal verge:…
Magraine Headache
Magraine Headache DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY • Recurrent, paroxysmal attacks of headache. • Headache typically is pounding and unilateral but may become generalized. • Attacks often preceded by psychological or visual disturbances (auras) accompanied…
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory Bowel Disease DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY • Intermittent bouts of diarrhea, low-grade fever, and right lower quadrant pain • Anorexia, weight loss, flatulence, and malaise • Abdominal tenderness, especially right lower quadrant, with…
Vaginitis and Vulvovaginitis
Vaginitis and Vulvovaginitis DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY • Increased volume of vaginal secretions. • Abnormal color, consistency, or odor of vaginal secretions. • Vulvovaginal itching, burning, or irritation. • Introitus may show patchy erythema, and…
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY • Elevated blood glucose determination — Fasting (overnight): venous plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL on at least two separate occasions — After ingestion of 75 g glucose: venous plasma…
Kidney Stones
Kidney Stones DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY • Usually asymptomatic. • Diagnosed adventitiously or by acute symptoms of urinary tract obstruction. • Excruciating intermittent radiating pain originating in flank or kidney. • Nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension….
Hypertension
Hypertension DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY • Borderline high blood pressure (BP): 130-139/85-89 mm Hg • Mild high BP (stage 1): 140-159/90-99 mm Hg • Moderate high BP (stage 2): 160-179/100-109 mm Hg • Severe high…
Glaucoma: Acute (Angle Closure) and Chronic (Open-Angle)
Glaucoma: Acute (Angle Closure) and Chronic (Open-Angle) DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY Acute Glaucoma • Increased intraocular pressure, usually unilateral. • Severe throbbing pain in eye with markedly blurred vision. • Pupil moderately dilated and…
