Box 15.1 Clinically based classification systems of cerebral palsy Movement disorder Spastic Dystonic Mixed Athetoid Ataxic Topographical distribution Unilateral: monoplegia, hemiplegia Bilateral: diplegia, triplegia, quadriplegia Gross Motor Function Classification System…
Fig. 19.1 Anatomy of low-back muscles based on Gray’s Anatomy. As shown in the figure, the superficial erector spinae make a single mass in the lumbar region (right side). On…
Fig. 16.1 Cross-section of muscle. Fig. 16.2 Ultrasound of skeletal muscle. Longitudinal (a) and transverse (b) scans. Patient preparation The patient should be placed as comfortable as possible and in…
Botox, onabotulinumtoxinA; Dysport, abobotulinumtoxinA; MyoBloc, rimabotulinumtoxinB. Source: Bhidayasiri et al., 2006. Dystonia is not a stereotyped disorder and its presentation in OMD is even more colorful. The treatment has to…
BoNT, botulinum neurotoxin. Our experience with botulinum neurotoxin Our long-term experience with BoNT in well over 1000 patients with tics provides further evidence that BoNT is a safe and effective…
Fig. 28.1 Anatomy of the plantar fascia. (a) The plantar fascia extends from the heal to the base of all toes. (b) Superficial muscles of the foot after the plantar…
Fig. 13.1 Proposed sites for injection in treatment of hemifacial spams. The corrugator, orbital orbicularis oculi, frontalis and procerus are marked. Starting doses are from 2.5 to 3.75 U onabotulinumtoxinA depending…
Fig. 8.1 Example of a patient with severe chronic blepharospasm; a disabling spasm of the periocular muscles is observed. Pathophysiology Neurophysiological recordings of the blink reflex have given important insights…
Fig. 4.1 Development of paralysis. A mouse hemidiaphragm was continuously stimulated via the phrenic nerve at a frequency of 1 Hz. After equilibration, the muscle was exposed to 1 ng/ml botulinum neurotoxin…
Fig. 1.1 Justinus Kerner; photograph of 1855. Kerner again disputed that an inorganic agent such as hydrocyanic acid could be the toxic agent in the sausages, suspecting a biological poison…
