Hyperhidrosis
Box 22.1 Diagnostic criteria of primary focal hyperhidrosis Focal, visible, excessive sweating of at least 6 months duration without apparent cause with at least two of the following characteristics: bilateral…
The use of botulinum neurotoxin in spastic infantile cerebral palsy
Box 15.1 Clinically based classification systems of cerebral palsy Movement disorder Spastic Dystonic Mixed Athetoid Ataxic Topographical distribution Unilateral: monoplegia, hemiplegia Bilateral: diplegia, triplegia, quadriplegia Gross Motor Function Classification System…
Treatment of stiff-person syndrome with botulinum neurotoxin
Fig. 19.1 Anatomy of low-back muscles based on Gray’s Anatomy. As shown in the figure, the superficial erector spinae make a single mass in the lumbar region (right side). On…
The role of ultrasound for botulinum neurotoxin injection in childhood spasticity
Fig. 16.1 Cross-section of muscle. Fig. 16.2 Ultrasound of skeletal muscle. Longitudinal (a) and transverse (b) scans. Patient preparation The patient should be placed as comfortable as possible and in…
Botulinum neurotoxin in oromandibular dystonia
Botox, onabotulinumtoxinA; Dysport, abobotulinumtoxinA; MyoBloc, rimabotulinumtoxinB. Source: Bhidayasiri et al., 2006. Dystonia is not a stereotyped disorder and its presentation in OMD is even more colorful. The treatment has to…
The use of botulinum neurotoxin in tic disorders and essential hand and head tremor
BoNT, botulinum neurotoxin. Our experience with botulinum neurotoxin Our long-term experience with BoNT in well over 1000 patients with tics provides further evidence that BoNT is a safe and effective…
Treatment of plantar fasciitis with botulinum neurotoxins
Fig. 28.1 Anatomy of the plantar fascia. (a) The plantar fascia extends from the heal to the base of all toes. (b) Superficial muscles of the foot after the plantar…
Treatment of hemifacial spasm
Fig. 13.1 Proposed sites for injection in treatment of hemifacial spams. The corrugator, orbital orbicularis oculi, frontalis and procerus are marked. Starting doses are from 2.5 to 3.75 U onabotulinumtoxinA depending…
Treatment of blepharospasm
Fig. 8.1 Example of a patient with severe chronic blepharospasm; a disabling spasm of the periocular muscles is observed. Pathophysiology Neurophysiological recordings of the blink reflex have given important insights…
Immunological properties of botulinum neurotoxins
Fig. 4.1 Development of paralysis. A mouse hemidiaphragm was continuously stimulated via the phrenic nerve at a frequency of 1 Hz. After equilibration, the muscle was exposed to 1 ng/ml botulinum neurotoxin…
