Extent of defect Aetiology Superficial and perianal defects AIN/Paget’s disease/melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers Condyloma Hidradenitis suppurativa Pilonidal disease Post-debridement for trauma/infection Partial anal defects Local tumour excision Repair post-stenosis…

Fig. 18.1 Anal endosonography of a man with a transsphincteric fistula (same patient as Fig. 18.4). There is a hyporeflective track (arrows) through the external sphincter, but it is more…

Some commonly used dermatological terms Macule – a flat skin lesion <5 mm in diameter Patch – a flat skin lesion >5 mm in diameter Papule – a raised skin…

Male defects  Rectourethral fistula  Rectoperineal fistula  Rectovesical (bladder neck) fistula  Imperforate anus with no fistula  Rectal atresia/stenosis Female defects  Rectovestibular fistula  Rectoperineal fistula  Cloacal malformation  Imperforate anus with no fistula…

A. Altered stool consistency (diarrhoeal states)  1. Inflammatory bowel diseases  2. Infectious diarrhoea  3. Malabsorption syndromes  4. Short gut syndrome  5. Laxative abuse  6. Irritable bowel syndrome B. Inadequate rectal…

Fig. 9.1 Expulsion time: the levator ani and puborectalis sling are stretched Fig. 9.2 Introitus aspect in nulliparous and multiparous A rectocele may also be the end result of chronic…

Fig. 17.1 (a) The anal canal [1]. (b) The anorectum [1] The proximal aspect of the canal is defined by the anorectal ring, comprised of the proximal aspects of the…