GIR, Global Improvement Rating (comparative study of two type A preparations only including responders, pain reduction 52%); TWSTRS, Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale. a Double-blind study. b Open study….
Fig. 32.1 Electromyography of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES). (a) Portable computer-assisted equipment. A 26-gauge concentric needle electrode of 50 mm length is inserted at the inferolateral aspect of the cricoid…
Fig. 24.1 The forehead of the animal was divided into two symmetric halves. The left side was injected with botulinum neurotoxin , the other with saline. Subsequently, standardized excisions were…
Fig. 23.1 Clinical appearance of a patient with Raynaud’s disease. Discoloration and ulcerations are common physical findings. Fig. 23.2 A typical angiogram of a patient with Raynaud’s disease showing diffuse…
Fig. 11.1 Anatomy of the laryngeal muscles relevant for botulinum neurotoxin injections. (a) Sagittal view showing the laryngeal structure. The arrows denote the direction for injection into the thyroarytenoid muscle…
Botox, onabotulinumtoxinA; Dysport, abobotulinumtoxinA; SD, standard deviation; RCT, randomized controlled trial; M, male; F, female; VAS, visual analog scale. Refractory osteoarticular joint pain Table 27.2 summarizes the efficacy data from…
Fig. 33.1 Anatomical lesions and neurogenic bladder. A variety of efferent and afferent neural pathways, reflexes and central and peripheral neurotransmitters are involved in urine storage and bladder emptying. Acetylcholine,…
Fig. 26.1 Craniovascular innervation. CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide. (Reproduced with permission from Goadsby PJ (2001). Pathophysiology of headache. In Silberstein SD, Lipton RB, Dalessio DJ (eds.) Wolff’s Headache and Other…
Fig. 25.1 Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) may have various ways in relieving neuropathic pain. However, the central effect is still debated. Botulinum neurotoxin for pain relief Botulinum neurotoxin has been…
Box 22.1 Diagnostic criteria of primary focal hyperhidrosis Focal, visible, excessive sweating of at least 6 months duration without apparent cause with at least two of the following characteristics: bilateral…
