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Fig. 4.1 Histological sections of an elastic artery fixed in a physiological condition, stained with hematoxylin-eosin (nucleus, purple) and Azan-Mallory (smooth muscle, red; collagen, blue; unstained, elastin) Fig. 4.2 Histological…

Year Fabrication technology/facilities 1950s Pressurized melting technology 1960s Pressurized ESR furnace (Lab-scale, Bohler) Pressurized plasma melting furnace (Patton Research Institute) 1970s Pressurized ESR furnace (Bohler, 1–2 t) 1980s First mass…

Fig. 1.1 Schematic illustration of hierarchical structure of bone ranging from the atomic to organ level Bones are classified into cortical and spongy types, which are responsible mainly for load…

Fig. 2.1 Immovable joint (skull structures) 2.1.1.2 Amphiarthrodial Joint Amphiarthrodial joint is the symphysis which is characterized by limited mobility, such as the intervertebral disc and the symphysis pubis (Fig….

Fig. 8.1 Schematic explanation of α-, (α + β)-, and β-type titanium alloys based on crystal structure (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [10]. Copyright 2013, Jpn Soc For Bone Morphometry) On the…

Fig. 7.1 Binary phase diagram of the Co-Cr system [6] Fig. 7.2 Effects of alloying elements on the temperature of the transformation from hcp Co to fcc Co as a…

Fig. 14.1 Cytotoxicity test methods. Agar diffusion method is one of the methods of “test by indirect contact” Most metallic biomaterials are alloys which consist of several kinds of metallic…