Scheme 3.1 Examples of chemical groups susceptible to hydrolysis. Drugs that contain ester linkages include acetylsalicylic acid, physostigmine, methyldopate, tetracaine and procaine. Ester hydrolysis is usually a bimolecular reaction involving acyl-oxygen…
Figure 4.1 Diagrammatic representation of the three processes involved in the dissolution of a crystalline solute: the expression for the work involved is w22 + w11 − 2w12 (solute–solvent interaction in the last stage is…
Figure 6.1 Photomicrographs of (a) an oil-in-water emulsion and (b) a suspension. Table 6.1 Main types of colloidal systems Type Disperse phase Continuous phase o/w emulsion Oil Water w/o emulsion Water Oil…
Clinical point IA injection of BCNU (carmustine; bis-chloronitrosourea) in the treatment of malignant glioma results in levels of drug that are four times greater than those following IV infusion, but…
Concentration is often given in grams per litre (g L−1) rather than kilograms per cubic metre (kg m−3). Note also that 1 mg mL−1 is therefore also equal to 1 kg m−3. Molarity is commonly expressed…
1.5 Prostatic carcinoma therapy Somatostatin 3.1 Growth inhibition Calcitonin 3.4 Ca2+ regulation Glucagon 3.5 Diabetes therapy Parathyroid hormone (1–34) 4.3 Ca2+ regulation Insulin 6 Diabetes therapy Parathyroid hormone (1–84) 9.4…
Figure 11.1 Solubility curves for total parenteral nutrition solutions containing amino acid (15 g dm–3) and 10% dextrose at pH 5.5. Dotted line: Aminosyn. Solid line: TrophAmine. Dashed lines: relative calcium-to-phosphate ratios. Modified…
Figure 8.1 Model of a biological membrane showing the different compositions of the interior and exterior sides. Glycolipids are seen on the outside, while phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol predominate on the cytosolic…
Figure 12.1 Drug/human factors and dosage form factors in adverse events following medication administration. Modified from Uchegbu IF, Florence AT. Adverse drug events related to dosage forms and delivery systems. Drug…
Figure 14.1 Nanosystems that exist in nature (not to scale). Left to right: an insulin hexamer (3.5 × 5 nm), a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle (28 nm) and a parvovirus (20–25 nm). LDL…
