Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System The cardiovascular system begins its activity when the fetus is barely 4 weeks old and is the last system to cease activity at the end of life. This…
Respiratory System
Respiratory System The respiratory system’s major function is gas exchange, in which air enters the body on inhalation (inspiration); travels throughout the respiratory passages, exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide at…
Renal System
Renal System The components of the renal system are the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys, located retroperitoneally in the lumbar area, produce and excrete urine to maintain homeostasis….
Gastrointestinal System
Gastrointestinal System The GI system has the critical task of supplying essential nutrients to fuel all the physiologic and pathophysiologic activities of the body. Its functioning profoundly affects the quality…
Sensory System
Sensory System Through the sensory system, a person receives stimuli that facilitate interaction with the surrounding world. Afferent pathways connect specialized sensory receptors in the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth…
Nervous System
Nervous System The nervous system coordinates and organizes the functions of all body systems. This intricate network of interlocking receptors and transmitters is a dynamic system that controls and regulates…
Musculoskeletal System
Musculoskeletal System The musculoskeletal system is a complex system of bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, tendons, and other tissues that gives the body form and shape. It also protects vital organs,…
Integumentary System
Integumentary System The integumentary system, the largest and heaviest body system, includes the skin—the integument, or external covering of the body—and the epidermal appendages, including the hair, nails, and sebaceous,…
Endocrine system
Endocrine system The endocrine system consists of glands, specialized cell clusters, hormones, and target tissues. The glands and cell clusters secrete hormones and chemical transmitters in response to stimulation from…
