Examination and treatment of complex cervical dystonia
Fig. 6.1 Lateral shift or forward sagittal shift. (a) Lateral shift to the right: laterocollis to the right. The head is tilted on the neck line to the left: laterocaput…
Botulinum neurotoxin in the gastrointestinal tract
Fig. 32.1 Electromyography of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES). (a) Portable computer-assisted equipment. A 26-gauge concentric needle electrode of 50 mm length is inserted at the inferolateral aspect of the cricoid…
Treatment of cervical dystonia
GIR, Global Improvement Rating (comparative study of two type A preparations only including responders, pain reduction 52%); TWSTRS, Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale. a Double-blind study. b Open study….
Botulinum neurotoxin in wound healing
Fig. 24.1 The forehead of the animal was divided into two symmetric halves. The left side was injected with botulinum neurotoxin , the other with saline. Subsequently, standardized excisions were…
Botulinum neurotoxin A treatment for ischemic digits
Fig. 23.1 Clinical appearance of a patient with Raynaud’s disease. Discoloration and ulcerations are common physical findings. Fig. 23.2 A typical angiogram of a patient with Raynaud’s disease showing diffuse…
Botulinum neurotoxin therapy for laryngeal muscle hyperactivity syndromes
Fig. 11.1 Anatomy of the laryngeal muscles relevant for botulinum neurotoxin injections. (a) Sagittal view showing the laryngeal structure. The arrows denote the direction for injection into the thyroarytenoid muscle…
The use of botulinum neurotoxin in musculoskeletal pain and arthritis
Botox, onabotulinumtoxinA; Dysport, abobotulinumtoxinA; SD, standard deviation; RCT, randomized controlled trial; M, male; F, female; VAS, visual analog scale. Refractory osteoarticular joint pain Table 27.2 summarizes the efficacy data from…
Botulinum neurotoxin applications in urological disorders
Fig. 33.1 Anatomical lesions and neurogenic bladder. A variety of efferent and afferent neural pathways, reflexes and central and peripheral neurotransmitters are involved in urine storage and bladder emptying. Acetylcholine,…
The use of botulinum neurotoxin in the management of headache disorders
Fig. 26.1 Craniovascular innervation. CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide. (Reproduced with permission from Goadsby PJ (2001). Pathophysiology of headache. In Silberstein SD, Lipton RB, Dalessio DJ (eds.) Wolff’s Headache and Other…
Use of botulinum neurotoxin in neuropathic pain
Fig. 25.1 Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) may have various ways in relieving neuropathic pain. However, the central effect is still debated. Botulinum neurotoxin for pain relief Botulinum neurotoxin has been…
