Mononegavirales
Mononegavirales Robert A. Lamb The Eighth Report of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) (2005)1 has recognized a hierarchy of viral taxa as follows: (order), family, (subfamily),…
Arteriviruses
Arteriviruses Eric J. Snijder Marjolein Kikkert History and Classification of Arteriviruses The family Arteriviridae68 was established in 1996 and currently comprises the following four enveloped, plus-stranded RNA viruses: equine arteritis…
Coronaviridae
Coronaviridae Paul S. Masters Stanley Perlman History Coronaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses that are broadly distributed among humans, other mammals, and birds, causing acute and persistent infections. Members of this…
Hepatitis C Virus
Hepatitis C Virus Stuart C. Ray Justin R. Bailey David L. Thomas History By the mid-1970s, it was apparent that at least one viral hepatitis agent other than hepatitis A…
Flaviviruses
Flaviviruses Theodore C. Pierson Michael S. Diamond Flaviviruses acquired their name from the jaundice associated with the liver dysfunction caused by yellow fever virus (YFV) infections. YFV played an important…
Flaviviridae
Flaviviridae Brett D. Lindenbach Catherine L. Murray Heinz-Jürgen Thiel Charles M. Rice Introduction The first human virus was discovered over one century ago when Walter Reed demonstrated that yellow fever…
Rubella Virus
Rubella Virus Tom C. Hobman Rubella virus (RV) is the etiologic agent of rubella, a mild exanthematous disease associated with low-grade fever, lymphadenopathy, and a short-lived morbilliform rash. Rubella was…
Alphaviruses
Alphaviruses Diane E. Griffin The genus Alphavirus includes 29 species that can be classified antigenically into at least eight complexes (Table 23.1). Alphaviruses are geographically restricted in their distributions and…
Togaviridae
Togaviridae Richard J. Kuhn The togaviruses are simple enveloped plus-strand RNA viruses that are spherical in appearance and contribute significantly to human disease. Although they were originally classified together with…
Astroviruses
Astroviruses Ernesto Méndez Carlos F. Arias The family Astroviridae includes human and animal astroviruses that show icosahedral morphology; they are nonenveloped and their genome is composed of plus-sense, single-stranded RNA…
