(8.1) where is the heat of mixing, is the entropy of mixing, and T is the absolute temperature. Usually, the entropy increases after mixing. Therefore, if , then , and…

Fig. 12.1 Silver alloy tarnishing (Reprinted from Ref. [1], Copyright 2010, with permission from the Japan Institute of Metals) Mastication applies periodic stress to dental devices and causes friction between…

Fig. 2.1 The advantages of MIM process (Redrawn from Ref. [1]) Fig. 2.2 MIM is suited to complex-shaped parts with high production volume (Redrawn from Ref. [1]) The principle of…

Fig. 9.1 The compositional and functional differences between coated-type or joined-type composite and FGMs The suitable properties for dental implant are shown in Fig. 9.2. For the case of uniform implant,…

Fig. 10.1 (a) Preoperative radiograph of ankle fracture. (b) Postoperative radiograph of plate fixation for ankle fracture For transverse or oblique types of fracture of long bones such as femur…

Ion Ca2+ Na+ Mg2+ K+ Cl− HCO3 − HCO4 − SO4 2− SBF (mM) 2.5 142.0 1.5 5.0 148.8 4.2 1.0 0.5 Human blood plasma (mM) 2.5 142.0 1.5 5.0…

Fig. 11.1 Stent for the femoral artery (Terumo, “MisagoTM”, Reprinted from [1] under special permission from Terumo Corporation) The stents for the esophagus have a larger dimensions, 16–20 mm diameter, and…

Fig. 7.1 Schematic of specimen setup to measure the bond strength and the ideal position of fracture 7.2 Materials and Specimens Ti-6Al-4V is used as the substrate metal. Solid bar…

Materials Standard Stainless steel ISO 5832–1, Implants for surgery – Metallic materials – Part 1: Wrought stainless steel ISO 5832–9, Implants for surgery – Metallic materials – Part 9: Wrought…

Fig. 4.1 General setting of electroforming cell consisting of anode, cathode and electrolyte (4.1) The transfer of matter from the anode to the cathode is realized in an electrolyte solution,…