Fig. 30.1 In piriformis syndrome, the sciatic nerve is either sandwiched between the piriformis muscle and the ischiofemoral ligament or, less commonly, adherent to the ventral surface of the piriformis…
Fig. 6.1 Lateral shift or forward sagittal shift. (a) Lateral shift to the right: laterocollis to the right. The head is tilted on the neck line to the left: laterocaput…
GIR, Global Improvement Rating (comparative study of two type A preparations only including responders, pain reduction 52%); TWSTRS, Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale. a Double-blind study. b Open study….
Fig. 32.1 Electromyography of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES). (a) Portable computer-assisted equipment. A 26-gauge concentric needle electrode of 50 mm length is inserted at the inferolateral aspect of the cricoid…
Fig. 24.1 The forehead of the animal was divided into two symmetric halves. The left side was injected with botulinum neurotoxin , the other with saline. Subsequently, standardized excisions were…
Fig. 23.1 Clinical appearance of a patient with Raynaud’s disease. Discoloration and ulcerations are common physical findings. Fig. 23.2 A typical angiogram of a patient with Raynaud’s disease showing diffuse…
Fig. 11.1 Anatomy of the laryngeal muscles relevant for botulinum neurotoxin injections. (a) Sagittal view showing the laryngeal structure. The arrows denote the direction for injection into the thyroarytenoid muscle…
Botox, onabotulinumtoxinA; Dysport, abobotulinumtoxinA; SD, standard deviation; RCT, randomized controlled trial; M, male; F, female; VAS, visual analog scale. Refractory osteoarticular joint pain Table 27.2 summarizes the efficacy data from…
Fig. 33.1 Anatomical lesions and neurogenic bladder. A variety of efferent and afferent neural pathways, reflexes and central and peripheral neurotransmitters are involved in urine storage and bladder emptying. Acetylcholine,…
Fig. 26.1 Craniovascular innervation. CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide. (Reproduced with permission from Goadsby PJ (2001). Pathophysiology of headache. In Silberstein SD, Lipton RB, Dalessio DJ (eds.) Wolff’s Headache and Other…
