Head and neck
13 Head and neck Samuel Jacob ANATOMY ANATOMY OF THE NECK A thorough knowledge of anatomy is required to treat surgical conditions affecting the neck. For descriptive purposes the neck…
Genitourinary system
18 Genitourinary system Jake M. Patterson, Christopher R. Chapple INTRODUCTION The urinary system functions physiologically as a complex homeostatic mechanism for the regulation of acid-base balance, the excretion of waste…
Respiratory system
11 Respiratory system Andrew Dyson, Andrew T. Raftery ANATOMY TRACHEA The trachea is about 11 cm long, commencing at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage at the level of…
Disorders of growth, differentiation and morphogenesis
4 Disorders of growth, differentiation and morphogenesis M. Andrew Parsons Growth, differentiation and morphogenesis are the processes by which a single cell, the fertilised ovum, develops into a large, complex,…
Endocrine system
14 Endocrine system Barnard J. Harrison Hormones are chemical messengers (peptides, amino acids, steroids, catecholamines) produced by endocrine glands that may act locally on adjacent cells (paracrine action), on target…
Inflammation
2 Inflammation Timothy J. Stephenson Inflammation is the local physiological response to tissue injury. It is not, in itself, a disease, but is usually a manifestation of disease. Inflammation may…
Immunology
6 Immunology William Egner, Ravishankar Sargur THE IMMUNE RESPONSE Immunity is defined as resistance to disease. At its most basic level this consists of a physical barrier (the mucosal surfaces…
Haemopoietic and lymphoreticular system
10 Haemopoietic and lymphoreticular system Andrew T. Raftery HAEMOPOIESIS Haemopoiesis is the production of blood cells. In the fetus, blood is formed in the bone marrow, spleen and liver. At…
Basic microbiology
7 Basic microbiology Andrew T. Raftery SURGICALLY IMPORTANTMICRO-ORGANISMS This section will concentrate only on those micro-organisms which cause surgical problems. Microbes may be divided into: • conventional pathogens, i.e. those…
