Haemorrhoids: Anatomy, Pathophysiology and Presentation
Fig. 13.1 Sagittal section of the anatomy of the anal canal Proximally these extend as primary rectal foldings and are separated and covered by the rectal columns of Morgagni [4]….
Pruritus Ani
(1) Department of Colorectal Surgery, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland Abstract Pruritus ani, in its worst form, is a miserable affliction. It is common; however, there is a…
Chronic Anal Fissure
Fig. 16.1 Algorithm for management of chronic anal fissure The various components of the algorithm are explained below. Medical Management of Sphincter Spasm Topical Creams: Nitric Oxide Donors and Calcium…
Operative Management
37. Ambrose NS, Hares MM, Alexander-Williams J, Keighley MR. Prospective randomized comparison of photocoagulation and rubber band ligation in treatment of haemorrhoids. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1983;286:1389–91. 38….
Incontinence: Causes and Pathophysiology
and Ridzuan Farouk2 (1) Department of Surgery, Royal Berkshire Hospital, London Road, Reading, Berkshire, RG1 5AN, UK (2) Department of Surgery, Royal Berkshire NHS Trust, Reading, Berkshire, UK Abstract Faecal…
Malignant Conditions Including Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Rare Cancers
T1 Tumour 2 cm or less T2 Tumour more than 2 cm but not more than 5 cm in greatest dimension T3 Tumour more than 5 cm in greatest dimension…
Premalignant Conditions of the Anus
Fig. 6.1 AIN lesions AIN 1: nuclear abnormalities affect the lower one-third of the epithelium. AIN 2: nuclear abnormalities affect the lower two-thirds of the epithelium. AIN 3: nuclear abnormalities…
Surgical Treatment and Pathology: Normal Histology
Fig. 4.1 Histological zones of the anal canal Histological Zones of the Anus The anal canal is divided into three separate histological zones according to the type of lining mucosa:…
25 Streptococci and Enterococci
FIGURE 25–1. Group A streptococcus (GAS) Gram stain. Note the oval cocci chaining end to end (arrow). (Image contributed by professor Shirley Lowe, University of California, San Francisco School of…
54 Intestinal Nematodes
Impact Six intestinal nematodes commonly infect humans: Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm), Trichuris trichiura (whipworm), Ascaris lumbricoides (large roundworm), Necator america-nus and Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworms), and Strongyloides stercoralis. Together, they infect more…
