A. Altered stool consistency (diarrhoeal states) 1. Inflammatory bowel diseases 2. Infectious diarrhoea 3. Malabsorption syndromes 4. Short gut syndrome 5. Laxative abuse 6. Irritable bowel syndrome B. Inadequate rectal…
Fig. 9.1 Expulsion time: the levator ani and puborectalis sling are stretched Fig. 9.2 Introitus aspect in nulliparous and multiparous A rectocele may also be the end result of chronic…
Fig. 17.1 (a) The anal canal [1]. (b) The anorectum [1] The proximal aspect of the canal is defined by the anorectal ring, comprised of the proximal aspects of the…
An anal fissure is a linear ulcer in the squamous epithelium of the anal canal located just distal to the dentate line. The French surgeon, Joseph-Claude-Anthelme Recamier (1774–1852), has been…
Fig. 3.1 Endoanal ultrasound demonstrating normal sphincter anatomy. Subepithelium (dotted arrow) and internal anal sphincter (thin arrow). The longitudinal muscle (square) and external anal sphincter (circle) with comparable reflectivity are…
1. Must have at least 2 of the following: (a) Straining during at least 25 % of defaecations (b) Lumpy or hard stools in at least 25 % of defaecations…
Fig. 19.1 Illustration of the spread of infection from the primary anal gland abscess (a) into the surrounding tissues. (b) The commonest course is that marked X and the most…
and Andrew B. Williams2 (1) Department of Colorectal Surgery, Guy’s and St. Thomas’s Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (2) Department of General Surgery, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust,…
Fig. 12.1 Schematic illustration of (a) the applicator, (b) four quadrant electrode deployment sites (© 2012 Mederi Therapeutics Inc.) The results of various series of the Secca® procedure reported in…
Fig. 8.1 Transvaginal scan showing symmetry and no damage to levator plate As stated before nulliparous women may also develop prolapse, 6.5 % in the Women’s Health Initiative study [1]…
