Nutrients: History and Definitions
Chapter 1 Nutrients History and Definitions Martha H. Stipanuk, PhD Nutrients are defined as chemical substances found in foods that are necessary for human life and growth, maintenance, and repair…
Reconstruction of the Anus and Perianal Region
Extent of defect Aetiology Superficial and perianal defects AIN/Paget’s disease/melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers Condyloma Hidradenitis suppurativa Pilonidal disease Post-debridement for trauma/infection Partial anal defects Local tumour excision Repair post-stenosis…
Imaging of Anal Sepsis
Fig. 18.1 Anal endosonography of a man with a transsphincteric fistula (same patient as Fig. 18.4). There is a hyporeflective track (arrows) through the external sphincter, but it is more…
Perianal Skin Conditions
Some commonly used dermatological terms Macule – a flat skin lesion <5 mm in diameter Patch – a flat skin lesion >5 mm in diameter Papule – a raised skin…
Congenital Abnormalities of the Anus
Male defects Rectourethral fistula Rectoperineal fistula Rectovesical (bladder neck) fistula Imperforate anus with no fistula Rectal atresia/stenosis Female defects Rectovestibular fistula Rectoperineal fistula Cloacal malformation Imperforate anus with no fistula…
Incontinence Assessment: Physiology and Imaging
A. Altered stool consistency (diarrhoeal states) 1. Inflammatory bowel diseases 2. Infectious diarrhoea 3. Malabsorption syndromes 4. Short gut syndrome 5. Laxative abuse 6. Irritable bowel syndrome B. Inadequate rectal…
Rectocele Treatment
Fig. 9.1 Expulsion time: the levator ani and puborectalis sling are stretched Fig. 9.2 Introitus aspect in nulliparous and multiparous A rectocele may also be the end result of chronic…
Anal Sepsis: Anatomy, Pathophysiology and Presentation
Fig. 17.1 (a) The anal canal [1]. (b) The anorectum [1] The proximal aspect of the canal is defined by the anorectal ring, comprised of the proximal aspects of the…
Benign Disease, Fissures, Presentation and Pathophysiology
An anal fissure is a linear ulcer in the squamous epithelium of the anal canal located just distal to the dentate line. The French surgeon, Joseph-Claude-Anthelme Recamier (1774–1852), has been…
Imaging the Normal Anus
Fig. 3.1 Endoanal ultrasound demonstrating normal sphincter anatomy. Subepithelium (dotted arrow) and internal anal sphincter (thin arrow). The longitudinal muscle (square) and external anal sphincter (circle) with comparable reflectivity are…
