Basicmedical Key

1 Introduction 1.1 Historical p erspective and s cope of im munology Progress in immunological science has been driven by the need to understand and exploit the generation of immune…

1 Introduction The antibiotics and synthetic anti-infective agents described in Chapter 11 are used to treat infections caused by bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Most exert a highly selective toxic action…

1 Introduction Regulatory authorities require that pharmaceutical products be manufactured according to the principles of good manufacturing practice (GMP) (also referred to as current good manufacturing practice, cGMP). Such authorities…

1 Introduction Microorganisms differ enormously in terms of their shape, size and appearance and in their genetic and meta-bolic characteristics. All these properties are used in classifying microorganisms into the…

1 What are fungi? Yeast, such as brewers’ yeast, and moulds, such as Penicillium chrysogenum which produces the antibiotic penicillin, are classified as fungi. Yeast cells tend to grow as…

1 Introduction People rarely suffer from the same infectious disease twice. Reinfections normally occur, primarily (1) when the infectious agent exhibits antigenic plasticity such as with the common cold and…

1 Introduction It is both a cliché and a truism to state that antibiotic resistance has been around for as long as antibiotics have been used to treat infection. Indeed,…

1 Introduction Immunological products comprise a group of pharmaceutical preparations of varied composition but with a common pharmacological purpose: the modification of the immune status of the recipient, either to…

1 Introduction Parenteral drug delivery systems and many medicinal products, such as dressings and sutures, must be sterile in order to avoid the possibilities of microbial degradation or infection occurring…

1 Introduction Pharmaceutical products used in the prevention, treatment and diagnosis of disease contain a wide variety of ingredients, often in quite complex physicochemical states. Such products must not only…