Cross-sectional studies

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Chapter 5Cross-sectional studies 5.1 Purpose Cross-sectional studies are usually the simplest observational studies to conduct and analyse. They are often used to describe (summarise) the characteristics, habits, or opinions of…

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Effect sizes

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Chapter 3Effect sizes Before presenting types of observational studies (Chapter 5–8), it is worth knowing how they are analyzed. Examining the effect of an exposure (including risk factors) on an…

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Systematic reviews and meta-analyses

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Chapter 10Systematic reviews and meta-analyses Chapters 5–8 provide an overview of the design and analysis of individual observational studies. Systematic reviews combine results from several published or unpublished studies, and…

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Regression analyses

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Chapter 4Regression analyses The main limitation of most of the simple statistical methods in Section 3.4 is that they can only examine the relationship between one exposure and one outcome…

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Case–control studies

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Chapter 6Case–control studies 6.1 Purpose Case–control studies are generally considered to be the next most reliable study design after cohort studies when evaluating risk factors and causality (Chapter 1, page…

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Cohort studies

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Chapter 7Cohort studies 7.1 Purpose Cohort studies are generally considered to be the best type of observational study for evaluating risk factors and causality, and sometimes the natural history of…

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Fundamental concepts

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Chapter 1Fundamental concepts This chapter provides a summary background to observational studies, their main purposes, the common types of designs, and some key design features. Further details on design and…

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Quality of care studies

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Chapter 8Quality of care studies Chapters 5–7 focussed on studies that examined the relationship between exposures and outcome measures, usually for a well-defined clinical disorder. In a similar way, it…

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