Probiotics and Prebiotics as Modulators of the Gut Microbiota1 Sandra Tejero Ian R. Rowland Robert Rastall Glenn R. Gibson 1Abbreviations: ADD, antibiotic-associated diarrhea; CDI, Clostridium difficile infection; CFU, colony-forming units;…
Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)1,2 Ralph Carmel 1Abbreviations: CoA, coenzyme A; FBCM, food-bound cobalamin malabsorption; holo-TC II, holotranscobalamin II; IF, intrinsic factor; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; MMA, methylmalonic acid; PA, pernicious anemia;…
Glutamine1 Thomas R. Ziegler 1Abbreviations: ASPEN, American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; BMT, bone marrow transplantation; EN, enteral nutrition; ESPEN, European Society for Enteral and Parenteral…
Vitamin E1 Maret G. Traber 1Abbreviations: α-CEHC, 2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(2_-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman; α-TTP, α-tocopherol transfer protein; γ-CEHC, 2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(2_carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman; ABC, ATP-binding cassette; apo, apolipoprotein; AVED, ataxia with vitamin E deficiency; CRALBP, cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein; DRI,…
Carnitine1 Charles J. Rebouche 1Abbreviations: CoA, coenzyme A; Na+, sodium. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW Carnitine was first discovered in muscle extracts, independently by Gulewitsch and Krimberg and by Kutscher, in 1905, and…
Choline1 Steven H. Zeisel 1Abbreviations: AI, adequate intake; CDP-choline, cytidine diphosphocholine; CHDH, choline dehydrogenase; ERE, estrogen-response elements; LTP, long-term potentiation; MTHFR, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; PEMT, phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphisms;…
Vitamin B61 Vanessa R. Da Silva Amy D. Mackey Steven R. Davis Jesse F. Gregory III 1Abbreviations: 4-PA, 4-pyridoxic acid; ALAS, δ-aminolevulinate synthase; CRP, C-reactive protein; FAD, flavin adenine dinucleotide;…
Folic Acid1 Patrick J. Stover 1Abbreviations: AdoHcy, S-adenosylhomocysteine; AdoMet, S-adenosylmethionine; AICARFT, phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase; DFE, dietary folate equivalent; DHF, dihydrofolate; DHFR, dihydrofolate reductase; DNMT, DNA methyltransferase; GARFT, phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase; GNMT, glycine…
Niacin1 James B. Kirkland 1Abbreviations: ACMS, 2-amino-3-carboxymuconic-6-semialdehyde; ACMSD, 2-amino-3-carboxymuconic-6-semialdehyde decarboxylase; ADP, adenosine diphosphate; ART, mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; BER, base excision repair; CICR, calcium-induced calcium release; DRI, dietary reference intake;…
