PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE
Fluids and Electrolytes
Fluids and Electrolytes The body is mostly liquid — various electrolytes dissolved in water. Electrolytes are ions (electrically charged versions) of essential elements — predominantly sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl−), hydrogen…
Genetic Disorders
Genetic Disorders INTRODUCTION Genetic diseases result from single-gene (mendelian) alterations, chromosomal abnormalities, or multifactorial errors. Over 6,000 such abnormalities have been identified in humans, ranging from mild differences (as in…
Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders
Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders INTRODUCTION Ear, nose, and throat disorders rarely prove fatal (except for those resulting from neoplasms, epiglottitis, and neck trauma), but they may cause serious social,…
Eye Disorders
Eye Disorders INTRODUCTION Vision, the most complex sense, has been the focus of significant medical and surgical innovations. Disorders that affect the eye can lead to vision loss or impairment;…
Sexual Disorders
Sexual Disorders INTRODUCTION Sexuality is an integral human function that’s inevitably affected by many interrelated factors. Its expression reflects the interaction of the biological, psychological, and sociologic ingredients that affect…
Fundamentals of Pathophysiology
Fundamentals of Pathophysiology An understanding of pathophysiology requires a review of normal physiology—how the body functions day to day, minute to minute—at the levels of cells, tissues, and organs, and…
Endocrine Disorders
Endocrine Disorders INTRODUCTION Together with the nervous system, the endocrine system regulates and integrates the body’s metabolic activities. The endocrine system meets the nervous system at the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus,…
Renal and Urologic Disorders
Renal and Urologic Disorders INTRODUCTION The kidneys are located retroperitoneally in the lumbar area, with the right kidney a little lower than the left because of the liver mass above…
Psychiatric Disorders
Psychiatric Disorders INTRODUCTION In recent years, social, economic, and professional developments have dramatically changed the mental health field. For instance, community and professional organizations have established family advocacy programs, substance…
