Carotenoids1 Xiang-Dong Wang 1Abbreviations: ARE, antioxidant-response element; BCO1, β-carotene-15,15′-oxygenase; BCO2, β-carotene-9′,10′-oxygenase; Cx43, connexin 43; GJC, gap junction communication; HDL, highdensity lipoprotein; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; IGF, insulinlike growth factor; IGFBP,…
Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals in Health Promotion1 John Milner Cheryl Toner Cindy D. Davis 1Abbreviations: DSHEA, Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; FDAMA, Food and…
Genetic Variation: Effect on Nutrient Utilization and Metabolism1 Patrick J. Stover Zhenglong GU 1Abbreviations: ADH, alcohol dehydrogenase; ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenase; AMY1, salivary amylase gene; ApoE, apolipoprotein E; CEU, Utah residents…
Probiotics and Prebiotics as Modulators of the Gut Microbiota1 Sandra Tejero Ian R. Rowland Robert Rastall Glenn R. Gibson 1Abbreviations: ADD, antibiotic-associated diarrhea; CDI, Clostridium difficile infection; CFU, colony-forming units;…
Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)1,2 Ralph Carmel 1Abbreviations: CoA, coenzyme A; FBCM, food-bound cobalamin malabsorption; holo-TC II, holotranscobalamin II; IF, intrinsic factor; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; MMA, methylmalonic acid; PA, pernicious anemia;…
Glutamine1 Thomas R. Ziegler 1Abbreviations: ASPEN, American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; BMT, bone marrow transplantation; EN, enteral nutrition; ESPEN, European Society for Enteral and Parenteral…
Vitamin E1 Maret G. Traber 1Abbreviations: α-CEHC, 2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(2_-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman; α-TTP, α-tocopherol transfer protein; γ-CEHC, 2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(2_carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman; ABC, ATP-binding cassette; apo, apolipoprotein; AVED, ataxia with vitamin E deficiency; CRALBP, cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein; DRI,…
Carnitine1 Charles J. Rebouche 1Abbreviations: CoA, coenzyme A; Na+, sodium. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW Carnitine was first discovered in muscle extracts, independently by Gulewitsch and Krimberg and by Kutscher, in 1905, and…
Choline1 Steven H. Zeisel 1Abbreviations: AI, adequate intake; CDP-choline, cytidine diphosphocholine; CHDH, choline dehydrogenase; ERE, estrogen-response elements; LTP, long-term potentiation; MTHFR, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; PEMT, phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphisms;…
