Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
23 Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle The tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) accounts for more than two-thirds of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generated from fuel oxidation. The pathways for oxidation of fatty…
The Biochemistry of Erythrocytes and Other Blood Cells
42 The Biochemistry of Erythrocytes and Other Blood Cells The cells of the blood are classified as erythrocytes, leukocytes, or thrombocytes. The erythrocytes (red cells) carry oxygen to the tissues…
Intertissue Relationships in the Metabolism of Amino Acids
40 Intertissue Relationships in the Metabolism of Amino Acids The body maintains a relatively large free amino acid pool in the blood, even during fasting. As a result, tissues have…
Structure of the Nucleic Acids
11 Structure of the Nucleic Acids Nucleotides in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). Nucleotides are the monomeric units of the nucleic acids, DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic…
Regulation of Enzymes
9 Regulation of Enzymes In the human body, thousands of diverse enzymes are regulated to fulfill their individual functions without waste of dietary components. Thus, with changes in our physiologic…
Digestion, Absorption, and Transport of Carbohydrates
21 Digestion, Absorption, and Transport of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are the largest source of dietary calories for most of the world’s population. The major carbohydrates in the U.S. diet are starch,…
Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism
39 Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism Purines and pyrimidines are required for synthesizing nucleotides and nucleic acids. These molecules can be synthesized either from scratch, de novo, or salvaged from existing…
Cellular Bioenergetics: Adenosine Triphosphate and O2
20 Cellular Bioenergetics: Adenosine Triphosphate and O2 Bioenergetics refers to cellular energy transformations. The Adenosine Triphosphate–Adenosine Diphosphate (ATP–ADP) Cycle. In cells, the available free energy of fuels is transformed into…
Basic Concepts in the Regulation of Fuel Metabolism by Insulin, Glucagon, and Other Hormones
19 Basic Concepts in the Regulation of Fuel Metabolism by Insulin, Glucagon, and Other Hormones All cells use adenosine triphosphate (ATP) continuously and require a constant supply of fuels to…
Enzymes as Catalysts
8 Enzymes as Catalysts Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts, which are compounds that increase the rate of chemical reactions (Fig. 8.1). Enzyme catalysts bind reactants (substrates), convert them…
