Malignant Conditions Including Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Rare Cancers
T1 Tumour 2 cm or less T2 Tumour more than 2 cm but not more than 5 cm in greatest dimension T3 Tumour more than 5 cm in greatest dimension…
Premalignant Conditions of the Anus
Fig. 6.1 AIN lesions AIN 1: nuclear abnormalities affect the lower one-third of the epithelium. AIN 2: nuclear abnormalities affect the lower two-thirds of the epithelium. AIN 3: nuclear abnormalities…
Surgical Treatment and Pathology: Normal Histology
Fig. 4.1 Histological zones of the anal canal Histological Zones of the Anus The anal canal is divided into three separate histological zones according to the type of lining mucosa:…
25 Streptococci and Enterococci
FIGURE 25–1. Group A streptococcus (GAS) Gram stain. Note the oval cocci chaining end to end (arrow). (Image contributed by professor Shirley Lowe, University of California, San Francisco School of…
54 Intestinal Nematodes
Impact Six intestinal nematodes commonly infect humans: Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm), Trichuris trichiura (whipworm), Ascaris lumbricoides (large roundworm), Necator america-nus and Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworms), and Strongyloides stercoralis. Together, they infect more…
21 Bacteria—Basic Concepts
FIGURE 21–1. Shapes of bacteria. A. Staphylococcus aureus, cocci arranged in clusters; scanning electron micrograph (SEM). B. Group B streptococci, cocci arranged in chains; SEM. C. Bacillus species, straight rods;…
33 Enterobacteriaceae
BACTERIOLOGY The Enterobacteriaceae are among the largest bacteria, measuring 2 to 4 μm in length with parallel sides and rounded ends. Forms range from large coccobacilli to elongated, filamentous rods….
51 Apicomplexa and Microsporidia
PARASITOLOGY DEFINITION The plasmodia are Apicomplexa in which the sexual and asexual cycles of reproduction are completed in different host species. The sexual phase occurs within the gut of mosquitoes…
29 Clostridium, Peptostreptococcus, Bacteroides, and Other Anaerobes
you can, you had better leave the profession: cast your diplomainto the fire; you are not worthy to hold it. —Jacob M. Da Costa (1833-1900): College and Clinical Record The…
6 Viruses—Basic Concepts
FIGURE 6–1. Size comparison of viruses with other microbes. (Adapted with permission from Willey JM: Prescott, Harley, & Klein’s Microbiology, 7th edition. McGraw-Hill, 2008.) Viruses range in size from 20…
