Neurotoxin Dilution (U/ml saline) Maximum dose OnabotulinumtoxinA 25–100 400 U/limb; 600 U/session AbobotulinumtoxinA 200–500 1500 U/upper limb; 2000 U/lower limb; 2000 U/session RimabotulinumtoxinB Pre-diluted 10 000 U/upper limb; 17 500 U/session IncobotulinumtoxinAa 25–100 400 U/limb; 495 U/session a Published spasticity studies…
Quadratus lumborum muscle Dysfunction of the quadratus lumborum muscle is considered the most common cause of low-back pain by many authors (Travell and Simmons, 1983). Its impairment may be severely…
Fig. 21.1 Muscular anatomy of the face. Treatment techniques Botulinum neurotoxin can be reconstituted using non-preserved normal saline (per the manufacturer’s recommendations) or preserved normal saline. The benzyl alcohol preservative…
Excessive writers Musicians Others Students Pianists Typists Teachers Horn player Telegraphers Clerks ClarinetistsGuitaristsViolinistsFlutistsSaxophonists Computer operatorsWatch makersSeamstressesSurgeons/dentistsGolfersFencing mastersCobblersTailorsBookmakers This chapter discusses writer’s cramp and musician’s dystonia (cramp) in detail, the two…
Movement disorders Disorders of the autonomous nerve system Facial nerve paralysis Gustatory sweating (Frey’s syndrome) Hemifacial spasm Hypersalivation (sialorrhea) Blepharospasm (Meige’s syndrome) Intrinsic rhinitis Synkinesis following defective healing of the…
Fig. 7.1 Out-of-plane approach. (a) Longitudinal scan; (b) Transverse scan. When used for procedural guidance, B-mode provides real-time imaging of a structure and the location of the needle throughout the…
Fig. 20.1 Extraocular muscle injection. This book illustrates that strabismus has been joined by a wide range of disorders for which BoNT has emerged as an important or even first-line…
Fig. 31.1 Muscle anatomy of the thoracic outlet. Structures of interest contained within or traversing the region of the thoracic outlet include; bone: clavicle, first rib, C7 vertebra, cervical rib…
Fig. 30.1 In piriformis syndrome, the sciatic nerve is either sandwiched between the piriformis muscle and the ischiofemoral ligament or, less commonly, adherent to the ventral surface of the piriformis…
Fig. 6.1 Lateral shift or forward sagittal shift. (a) Lateral shift to the right: laterocollis to the right. The head is tilted on the neck line to the left: laterocaput…
