Hard Shell Capsule Filling Machines
Figure 6.1Basic operations common to all filling machines. (Courtesy of IMA ACTIVE division, Bologna, Italy.) Separation The diameter of the upper bushing or housing is larger than the diameter of…
Modified-Release Delivery SystemsExtended-Release Capsule Platform
Figure 12.1(See color insert.) Approximate size spectrum showing dimensions of typical molecules, carrier types, and drug delivery systems based on the published literature and some of the commercialized nanotechnology products,…
Modeling Powder Filling during Encapsulation
Figure 10.1Capsules produced from two encapsulation methods: (a) manual filling (loose powder); (b) automatic machine (plug). Machines having five tamping stations (Bosch GKF and Höfliger-Karg machines) compress the powder once…
Plug Formation
Figure 9.1(a) Schematic drawing of a force–time profile that would be obtained on an eccentric tablet press, based on time calculations for a running speed of 43.6 rpm66 and general…
Quality-by-Design (QbD) for Capsule Formulation and Process DevelopmentRegulatory Science Relevance, Scientific Case Studies, and Future Challenges
Figure 15.1ASTM D 6940-04 Segregation tester (with the top slide gate open and the powder flow from the mass flow hopper down to the funnel flow hopper). Fifty-milliliter glass beakers…
Hard Shell Capsules in Clinical Trials
Figure 3.1PCcaps overall length and dimensions showing locking ring. (Courtesy of Capsugel.) Shen and Zhong [5] studied the bioavailability of atorvastatin in beagle dogs using SMEDDS consisting excipients such as…
Rheological Aspects of Capsule Shell Excipients and the Manufacture of Encapsulated Formulations
14.1 where η is the Newtonian viscosity (mPa·s), σ is the shear stress (Pa), and γ˙ is the rate of shear (s−1). Newtonian fluids obey Equation 14.1; that is, there…
Capsule Shell Manufacture
Figure 4.1Photograph of the Technophar capsule manufacturing machine. Hard capsule shell manufacturing remained almost exclusively in the United States from the 1880s until after the Second World War. Eli Lilly…
Non-Gelatin-Based Capsules
Figure 5.1Sorption isotherm data (absorption and desorption) of gelatin and HPMC (Vcaps® Plus) capsules stored at different RH values. (Courtesy of Capsugel.) The mechanical resistance and stiffness of two-piece capsules…
Analytical Testing and Evaluation of Capsules
Figure 13.1Equilibrium moisture content of empty gelatin capsule shells stored at different relative humidities for 2 weeks at 20°C. (Reprinted from Adv Drug Del Rev, 60, Cole ET, Cade D,…
