The general principles of physical examination
1,2 There are, however, a number of reasons for this formal approach. The first is that it ensures the examination is thorough and that important signs are not overlooked because…
PHYSIOLOGY
The general principles of history taking
1,2 The history is also, of course, the least expensive way of making a diagnosis. Changes in medical education mean that much student teaching is now conducted away from the…
Acid-Base Balance
Chapter 8 Acid-Base Balance I. Acid and Base A. Overview 1. The pH (i.e., −log [H+]) of the body is maintained within a very narrow range to allow for proper…
Renal Physiology
Chapter 6 Renal Physiology I. Overview A. General functions of the kidneys 1. The kidneys are an extraordinarily effective recycling facility into which the body’s extracellular fluid compartment is cycled…
Respiratory Physiology
Chapter 5 Respiratory Physiology I. Overview A. Because it is essential for metabolism, oxygen must be provided in relatively large amounts to most cells. O2: required to synthesize adenosine triphosphate…
Cardiovascular Physiology
Chapter 4 Cardiovascular Physiology I. Cardiac Mechanics A. Cardiac cycle: composed of systole and diastole 1. Systole • Systole is that part of the cardiac cycle in which the heart…
Neurophysiology
Chapter 2 Neurophysiology I. Overview A. The nervous system is unique in that it affects every other system of the body. B. It consists of several complex components that function…
Cell Physiology
Chapter 1 Cell Physiology I. Cell Structure and Function (Fig. 1-1) A. Overview 1. Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of the body. Cells: basic structural and functional…
Endocrine Physiology
Chapter 3 Endocrine Physiology I. Hormones A. Overview 1. The primary function of hormones is to maintain homeostasis (e.g., regulate plasma glucose and electrolyte balance) and coordinate physiologic processes such…
Gastrointestinal Physiology
Chapter 7 Gastrointestinal Physiology I. Structure and Function of the Gastrointestinal Tract A. Functional anatomy 1. Overview • The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is essentially a hollow digestive tube that extends…
