Acetylcholine Receptor Agonists
The M2 and M4 receptors are coupled with Gαi proteins and their activation decreases cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP, or cAMP) levels, by inhibiting adenylate cyclase, or increases potassium efflux….
PHARMACY
Drugs of Abuse
TABLE 25–2 Emergency Treatment of Drug Intoxication Drug Pharmacologic Treatment Nonpharmacologic Treatment Alcohol None Support vital functions Amphetamines Lorazepam for agitation and haloperidol for psychosis Monitor and support cardiac function…
Drugs for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Figure 24–1 Pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease. The striatum receives input from the entire cerebral cortex and the substantia nigra and sends projections to the thalamus via direct and indirect pathways…
Inhibitors of Bacterial Protein Synthesis
Figure 39–1 Bacterial protein synthesis and sites of drug action. The bacterial ribosome is composed of a 30S subunit and a 50S subunit. The steps in protein synthesis and translation…
Hypothalamic and Pituitary Drugs
Figure 31–1 Relationships between hypothalamic hormones, pituitary hormones, and target organs. Numerous hormone-releasing and hormone-inhibiting factors formed in the arcuate and other hypothalamic nuclei are transported to the anterior pituitary…
Opioid Analgesics and Antagonists
PAIN PATHWAYS Exposure to a noxious stimulus activates nociceptors on the peripheral free nerve endings of primary afferent neurons. The cell bodies of these neurons sit alongside the spinal cord…
Antimycobacterial Drugs
Second-line drugs are reserved to treat patients infected with organisms that are resistant to first-line drugs. They include rifabutin and rifapentine (other derivatives of rifamycin), fluoroquinolone drugs (see Chapter 40),…
Pharmacodynamics
Figure 3–1 Structure of a typical GPCR. All GPCRs consist of a long polypeptide chain of amino acids threaded through the cell membrane with seven transmembrane (TM) domains. These TM…
Adrenoceptor Antagonists
Figure 9–1 Competitive and noncompetitive blockade of epinephrine-induced aortic smooth muscle contraction by phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine. Three dose-response curves are compared. A is the curve of epinephrine alone. B is…
Hematopoietic Drugs
Figure 17–1 Iron metabolism. Ingested iron is absorbed from the intestinal mucosa into the circulation, where it is bound to transferrin. Iron is distributed to tissues for incorporation into hemoglobin,…
