Microarrays
Microarrays Mark Watson I. INTRODUCTION. Nucleic acid microarrays are an ordered arrangement of DNA molecules (probes or features) on a solid surface. A sample of DNA or RNA derived from…
PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE
Direct and Indirect Methods for DNA Sequence Analysis
Direct and Indirect Methods for DNA Sequence Analysis TuDong Nguyen Barbara Zehnbauer John D. Pfeifer I. INTRODUCTION. Clinical molecular diagnostic methods have been integrated into many laboratory disciplines, and guidelines…
Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization
Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization TuDong Nguyen Arie Perry Anjum Hassan Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) utilizes tagged probes that bind to chromosome-specific DNA sequences of interest, thereby allowing for the…
Cytogenetics
Cytogenetics Shashikant Kulkarni Hussam Al-Kateb Catherine Cottrell I. INTRODUCTION. The three significant milestones in the history of clinical cytogenetics are the preparation of chromosome spreads from peripheral blood cultures (Exp…
Flow Cytometry
Flow Cytometry Friederike Kreisel I. BASIC PRINCIPLE. Flow cytometry simultaneously measures and analyzes multiple physical and/or chemical characteristics of single particles, usually cells, as they flow in a fluid stream…
Immunofluorescence
Immunofluorescence Anne C. Lind Joseph P. Gaut Rosa M. Dávila I. INTRODUCTION. Immunofluorescence studies are used to support fixed tissue diagnoses and to provide additional diagnostic and prognostic information as…
Immunohistochemistry
Immunohistochemistry Peter A. Humphrey I. INTRODUCTION. Immunohistochemistry is one of the most powerful and widely used ancillary methods in surgical pathology. The technique makes it possible to simultaneously visualize cell…
Histology and Histochemical Stains
Histology and Histochemical Stains Kevin Selle I. RECEIPT, ACCESSIONING, AND GROSS DISSECTION. Most, if not all, biopsies and large tissue specimens are routed to the pathology laboratory. Under normal circumstances,…
Frozen Sections and Other Intraoperative Consultations
Frozen Sections and Other Intraoperative Consultations Michael E. Hull Peter A. Humphrey John D. Pfeifer I. INTRODUCTION. Intraoperative consultations fall into two general categories. Microscopic consultations, usually performed as frozen…
Metabolic Diseases of Bone
Metabolic Diseases of Bone Deborah Novack I. NORMAL ANATOMY. Because of its accessibility and composition of both cortical and trabecular (cancellous) bone, the iliac crest is the site of choice…
