Lung Neoplasms
Epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation also appear to participate in the tumorigenesis of lung cancer. In particular gene promoter inactivation by hypermethylation may be an important mechanism in the inactivation…
GENERAL SURGERY
Neoplasms of Exocrine Pancreas
Figure 55-1. U.S. pancreatic cancer new cases, death rate, and 5-year survival. Adapted from EER Cancer Statistics Factsheets: Pancreas Cancer. National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/pancreas.html. Accessed March 10, 2016….
Crohn Disease
Figure 50-1. Terminal ileum with forceps pointing to intraloop chronic abscess cavity. Clinical Evaluation Small Bowel The distribution of disease will in large part dictate the clinical presentation. The terminal…
Anesthesiology and Pain Management
Muscle Relaxants 2 To prevent movement and to facilitate the surgical exposure, neuromuscular blocking agents are generally used. These drugs are competitive or noncompetitive inhibitors of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at…
Preoperative Risk Assessment
Figure 15-1. Variation in surgical mortality. These circumstances influence both institutional and overall health care delivery. The overwhelming health care spending burden adds pressure to provide efficient, high-quality care. Hospital…
The Spleen
The 20th century brought technical advances in terms of hemostasis and blood transfusion as well as an understanding of the pathophysiology of splenic function.4 The spleen was identified as the…
Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension
Figure 59-1. Evolution of cirrhosis. Fibrosis develops in nonregenerative necrotic areas, producing scars. The pattern of nodularity and scars reflects the type of response to injury (e.g., uniform vs. nonuniform…
Ileus and Bowel Obstruction
Figure 49-1. Schematic illustration of different forms of simple mechanical obstruction. Simple obstruction is most often due to adhesion (A), groin hernia (B), or neoplasm (C). The hernia can act…
Venous Disease
For the diagnosis of superficial vein thrombophlebitis (SVT), duplex ultrasound is also important.13 In a prospective epidemiologic study, including 844 patients with symptomatic SVT, 210 (24.9%) had concomitant DVT at…
Fluids, Electrolytes, and Acid–Base Balance
In the ICF, potassium is the dominant cation. Total body potassium is normally approximately 42 mEq/kg, and most of this potassium is intracellular and freely exchangeable. Magnesium and sodium ions…
