CHAPTER 5. PERCUTANEOUS PLEURAL BIOPSY Introduction45 Contraindications46 Equipment46 The Abrams’ needle47 Site of biopsy47 Practical procedure49 Post-procedure investigations50 Post-procedure care51 Cautions52 Complications52 Suggested reading52 Pleural biopsy, originally an open technique,…
CHAPTER 12. ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS SAMPLING Introduction105 Indications105 Contraindications106 Equipment107 Practical procedure107 Femoral artery puncture109 Complications109 Gustav Magnus (1802–1870) made the first consistent analyses of blood gases in 1837. He…
CHAPTER 14. PERFORMING AN ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG) Introduction119 Indications119 Equipment120 Practical procedure120 Post-procedure investigations122 Augustus Desiré Waller (1856–1922), working at St Mary’s Hospital in Paddington, London, produced the first electrocardiogram (ECG)…
CHAPTER 15. NASOGASTRIC TUBE PLACEMENT Introduction123 Indications124 Contraindications124 Equipment124 Practical procedure124 Post-procedure investigations127 Complications127 The modern nasogastric (NG) tube is a 1921 modification by John Alfred Ryle (1889–1950). He covered…
CHAPTER 9. PREPARING AND SETTING UP INTRAVENOUS MEDICATIONS Introduction75 Indications75 Contraindications75 Equipment75 Practical procedure76 Complications78 INTRODUCTION Intravenous fluids or medication for administration are usually prepared by nursing staff. However, junior…
CHAPTER 7. BLOOD CULTURES Introduction63 Indications63 Sampling contraindicated64 Equipment64 Practical procedure65 Post-procedure investigations65 Following on from Louis Pasteur’s (1822–1895) germ theory it was inevitable that attempts would be made to…
CHAPTER 10. INTRAVENOUS FLUIDS AND COMMONLY PRESCRIBED INFUSIONS Introduction79 Commonly prescribed infusions85 Dr Thomas Aitchison Latta (circa 1790–1833) pioneered the use of intravenous saline as fluid resuscitation for cholera victims…
Figure 10.1 Natural history of disease and levels of prevention (adapted from Gertsman, 2013, Figure 2.1, p. 37) Traditionally, epidemiology was mainly concerned with epidemics of communicable disease. Nowadays contemporary epidemiology…
Figure 17.1 Framework for analysis of the social determinants of migrant health (adapted from Commission on the Social Determinants of Health, 2007) Contemporary migration flows Contemporary migration includes permanent, temporary,…
Figure 6.1 A conceptual framework for determinants of health (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2014) Behavioural determinants include a range of behaviours that may directly cause disease, such as…
