Basicmedical Key

Cytogenetic Changes in Cancer Aneuploidy and Aneusomy As introduced in Chapter 5, cytogenetic changes are hallmarks of cancer, whether sporadic or familial, particularly in later and more malignant or invasive…

Figure 15-10 Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for cancers at various sites in first-degree relatives (child or sibling) of an affected person. A SIR is similar to the relative risk ratio (λr) that…

Figure 15-1 General scheme for development of a carcinoma in an epithelial tissue such as colonic epithelium. The diagram shows progression from normal epithelium to local proliferation, invasion across the lamina propria,…

References Specific to Particular Topics Acimovic I, Vilotic A, Pesl M, et al. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes as research and therapeutic tools. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:512831. Ross CA, Akimov…

General References Carlson BM. Human embryology and developmental biology. ed 5. WB Saunders: Philadelphia; 2014. Dye FJ. Dictionary of developmental biology and embryology. ed 2. Wiley-Blackwell: New York; 2012. Epstein…

Concluding Comments Many other examples of this phenomenon could be cited, but the key points to emphasize are that genes are the primary regulators of developmental processes, their protein products…

Genes and Environment in Development Developmental Genetics Development results from the action of genes interacting with cellular and environmental cues. The gene products involved include transcriptional regulators, diffusible factors that…

Figure 14-7 Diagram of the upper limb of three species: human, bird, and bat. Despite the superficially dissimilar appearance of the human arm and hand, the avian wing, and the bat wing,…

Problems   1. X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an uncommon disorder characterized by a defect in host defense that leads to severe, recurrent, and often fatal pyogenic infections beginning…