Class of modification Modification to plasmid backbone Resultant alterations References Increasing antigen expression Gene promoter Increased transcription [92–94] Intronic sequence Increased transcription [95–97] Enhancer/transactivator Increased transcription [62, 99, 100]…
Fig. 3.1 Problems of TCRαβ gene therapy and their solution. a Formation of mispaired TCRαβ. Mispairing between endogenous TCRαβ and introduced TCRαβ may generate specificity for un-intended targets. Shown are the…
Fig. 4.1 Anoikis activation pathways. Lack of adhesion to the extracellular matrix via integrins (transmembrane proteins consisting of α- and β-subunits) reduces the anti-apoptotic signals Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. The pro-apoptotic pathways…
Fig. 1.1 An outline of this book, which is organized into 5 parts Part I of this book, which includes Chaps. 2–7, is focused on cell and tissue engineering. Regenerative medicine…
(1.1) where E is Young’s modulus, σ is axial strain, and ε is axial stress. Young’s modulus can be used to predict compression as a result of axial stress. Typical…
where j ≠ k, j = 1, …, 4, k = 1, …, 4. The infected region or ROI cannot be easily represented by standard measurement of length, area, shape, and size causing the selection of feature vectors…
Fig. 6.1 Formation of magnetoacoustic voltage at tissue interfaces. a Ultrasound wave packet. b Step change in conductivity and density in HMM measurement chamber due to the presence of breast sample….
Fig. 7.1 Sample stimuli. a Sample of original images derived from the Ekman and Friesen collections of neutral face and the facial emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise….
Fig. 5.1 Representative confocal microscopy images showing an endothelial cell with a fused mitochondria and b fragmented mitochondria Fig. 5.2 Representative electron micrograph depicting an elongated mitochondrion (in oval) in the adult…
(2.1) where g i is group of pixel that represents an object or background; if a pixel value is less than T, which is the threshold value, then it is…
