A number of factors are associated with bile duct injury during either open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy, including acute or chronic inflammation, inadequate exposure, patient obesity, and failure to identify structures…
Figure 95-1. Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm: comparison of survival rates in untreated patients versus surgically treated patients. Many TAAAs result from chronic ascending and descending aortic dissections. Familial clustering of aortic…
Figure 63-1. Unresectable gallbladder cancer demonstrating palliative transhepatic percutaneous stent placed to relieve jaundice. Porcelain gallbladder is present (arrows). Pathology and Staging More than 80% of gallbladder cancers are adenocarcinomas;…
Figure 93-1. A–C: Examples of digital ischemic ulcerations resulting from progressive arterial insufficiency. Figure 93-2. Long-segment total occlusion of superficial femoral artery in a patient with a long history of…
Figure 82-1. Schematic diagram of the fibrous cardiac skeleton. Two papillary muscles arise directly from the ventricular wall: the anterolateral and posteromedial papillary muscles. Importantly, the anterolateral papillary muscle usually…
Figure 78-1. A: Sagittal view. B: Coronal view. ICA, internal carotid artery; CN, cranial nerve. PATHOLOGY OF SELLAR LESIONS Pituitary Adenomas 2, 3 Pituitary adenomas are the most common tumors…
Figure 81-1. The anatomy of atrial septal defects. In the sinus venosus type (A), the right upper and middle pulmonary veins frequently drain to the superior vena cava or right…
CLINICAL PRESENTATION 3 The presentation of GI bleeding can range from mild asymptomatic bleeding to overt GI bleeding. UGI bleeding typically presents with hematemesis (the vomiting of blood) or melena,…
Figure 83-1. Anatomy of the cardiac circulation. A: Anterior view. B: Posterior view. Venous anatomy is more predictable, and very little pathology within this system is encountered. Three named venous…
Figure 85-1. Normal anatomic aortic segments. The aortic root extends from the aortic annulus to the sinotubular junction. The aortic root is the largest diameter section of the aorta when…
