Calcium Channel Blockers
Figure 37.1 Coupling of cardiac calcium channels with beta1-adrenergic receptors. In the heart, beta1 receptors are coupled to calcium channels. As a result, when cardiac beta1 receptors are activated, calcium influx is…
Drug Therapy of Gout
Black Box Warning: Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs NSAIDs may increase the risk for myocardial infarction, stroke, and other thromboembolic events. NSAIDs increase the risk for dangerous gastrointestinal adverse effects such as…
Drugs for Parkinson Disease
Figure 17.1 A model of neurotransmission in the healthy striatum and parkinsonian striatum. A, In the healthy striatum, dopamine (DA) released from neurons originating in the substantia nigra inhibits the firing of…
Antimycobacterial Agents
Isoniazid Rifampin Pyrazinamide Ethambutol TABLE 75.5 Antituberculosis Drugs: Routes and Major Adverse Effects Drug Route Major Adverse Effects FIRST-LINE DRUGS Isoniazid PO, IM Hepatotoxicity, peripheral neuritis Rifampin PO, IV Hepatotoxicity…
Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim
Figure 73.1 Structural relationships among sulfonamides, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), and folic acid. Individual sulfonamides vary greatly with respect to solubility in water. Older sulfonamides had low solubility; therefore they often crystallized…
Drug Abuse III
Nicotine-Based Products Nicotine patch [NicoDerm] Nicotine gum [Nicorette] Nicotine lozenge [Nicorette Lozenge] Nicotine nasal spray [Nicotrol NS] Nicotine inhaler [Nicotrol Inhaler] Nicotine-Free Products Varenicline Bupropion Pharmacologic Aids to Smoking Cessation…
Drugs That Weaken the Bacterial Cell Wall I
Figure 69.1 Inhibition of transpeptidase by penicillins. The bacterial cell wall is composed of long strands of a peptidoglycan polymer. As depicted, transpeptidase enzymes create cross-bridges between the peptidoglycan strands, giving the…
Review of Hemodynamics
Figure 34.1 Distribution of blood in the circulatory system. A large percentage of the blood resides in the venous system. What Makes Blood Flow? Blood moves within vessels because the force that…
Drugs for Erectile Dysfunction and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Figure 51.1 Physiology of penile erection. In the flaccid state, there is free outflow of venous blood and restricted inflow of arterial blood. During sexual arousal, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) relaxes arterial…
Prophylaxis of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
Figure 42.1 Basic structure of plasma lipoproteins. Apolipoproteins All lipoproteins have one or more apolipoprotein molecules embedded in their shell (see Fig. 42.1). Apolipoproteins, which constitute the protein component of lipoproteins,…
