General Principles of Pharmacology
NURSING ALERT Study the patterns used in the naming of drugs. This may help you to identify names and prevent medication errors. Certain portions of the drug name may be…
The Nursing Process
Figure 4.1 The nursing process as it relates to administration of medication. An ongoing assessment is one that is made at the time of each patient contact and may include…
Colligative Properties of Solutions
Unless something disturbs a solution (e.g., extreme solute concentration or temperature), there is normally no reason to fear its stability, aside from potential microbial contamination. It should be remembered that…
Solubility and Dissolution
where dm/dt = solute dissolution rate (kg · s−1) m = mass of dissolved material (kg) t = time (s) A = surface area of the solute particle (m2) D…
Disperse Systems – Colloids
Figure 6.1 Hydrophilic colloid Hydrophilic groups attached to a colloidal particle can help particle stability by adding more repulsion between particles via electrostatic forces. Lyophobic colloids, in contrast (to lyophilic colloids),…
Intermolecular Interactions
, where V = volume, n = number of moles, R = gas constant, T = temperature, and P = pressure. Consider the liquid state of water: according to the…
Disperse Systems – Coarse Dispersions – Suspensions and Emulsions
Figure 7.1 Illustration of a suspension Typically, suspensions are coarse dispersions consisting of solid particles (100–50000 nm in diameter) in liquid dispersion media. Particles and potential energy To briefly review, when…
Interfacial Phenomena
Figure 5.1 A simple interaction between a liquid and vapor or air A pure liquid in a container (such as a beaker) with a vapor phase above the bulk liquid. A…
Pharmaceutical Solvents
The qualifying statement leads to the following extended definition: ‘If all components are in the same physical state, the component present in the greatest proportion is considered the solvent for…
Polymers and macromolecules
Scheme 7.1 The spectrum of uses for polymers in pharmaceutics 7.1.1 Definitions Polymers are substances of high molecular weight made up of repeating monomer units. Substances with short chains containing relatively few…
