Basicmedical Key

Copper1 James F. Collins 1Abbreviations: AAS, atomic absorption spectroscopy; AI, adequate intake; ATOX1, chaperone for Menkes copper ATPase; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; ATP7A, Menkes copper transporting ATPase; CCO, cytochrome c oxidase;…

Trace Elements1 Curtis D. Eckhert 1Abbreviations: AI, adequate intake; As, arsenic; AsO2–, arsenite; ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase; B, boron; Ca2+, calcium; cADPR, cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose; CO2, carbon dioxide; Cr, chromium;…

Manganese1 Alan L. Buchman 1Abbreviations: AI, adequate intake; Ca, calcium; Mn, manganese; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PN, parenteral nutrition; SOD, superoxide dismutase; UL, tolerable upper intake level. HISTORY, CHEMISTRY, AND…

Calcium1 Connie M. Weaver Robert P. Heaney 1Abbreviations: 1,25(OH)2D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; AI, adequate intake; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase; Ca2+, calcium ion; CaSR, calcium-sensing receptor; CT, calcitonin; DAG, diacylglycerol;…

Iodine1 Peter Laurberg 1Abbreviations: H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; ICCIDD, International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders; KI, potassium iodide; MCT8, monocarboxylate transporter 8; NIS, sodium iodide symporter; T3, triiodothyronine;…

Iron1 Marianne Wessling-Resnick 1Abbreviations: 2,5-DHBA, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid; ACD, anemia of chronic disease; BMP, bone morphogenic protein; CHr, reticulocyte hemoglobin; DcytB, duodenal cytochrome B; DMT1, divalent metal transporter-1; HCP1, heme carrier…

Zinc1 Janet C. King Robert J. Cousins 1Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer disease; AMD, age-related macular degeneration; EAR, estimated average requirement; FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization; GI, gastrointestinal; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus;…

Phosphorus1 Kimberly O. O’Brien Jane E. Kerstetter Karl L. Insogna 1Abbreviations: 1,25(OH)2D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; ADHR, autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets; AI, adequate intake; ARHR, autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets; ATP, adenosine triphosphate;…

Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Metabolism1 James L. Bailey Jeff M. Sands Harold A. Franch 1Abbreviations: ADH, antidiuretic hormone; AG, anion gap; ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase; Ca2+, calcium; CKD, chronic kidney disease;…

Energy Needs: Assessment and Requirements1 Nancy F. Butte Benjamin Caballero 1Abbreviations: ATP, adenosine triphosphate; BAT, brown adipose tissue; BEE, basal energy expenditure; BMR, basal metabolic rate; CO2, carbon dioxide; DLW,…