Biology in Medicine
Figure 14-1 Polydactyly and syndactyly malformations. A, Insertional polydactyly. This patient has heptadactyly with insertion of a digit in the central ray of the hand and a supernumerary postaxial digit. This malformation…
the Relative Contributions of Genes and Environment to Complex Disease
CL(P), Cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Another approach is to compare the disease relative risk ratio in biological relatives of the proband with that in biologically unrelated family…
of Multifactorial Traits for Which Specific Genetic and Environmental Factors are Known
Figure 8-7 Pedigree of a family with retinitis pigmentosa due to digenic inheritance. Dark blue symbols are affected individuals. Each individual’s genotypes at the peripherin locus (first line) and ROM1 locus (second…
to Cytogenetics and Genome Analysis
Figure 5-2 Ideogram showing G-banding patterns for human chromosomes at metaphase, with approximately 400 bands per haploid karyotype. As drawn, chromosomes are typically represented with the sister chromatids so closely aligned that…
Basis of Cancer
mRNA, Messenger RNA; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; PI3, phosphatidylinositol-3. Figure 15-2 is a diagram outlining how mutations in specific regulators of growth and in global guardians of DNA and…
by the Manipulation of Metabolism
BiotinMonogenic forms of congenital hypothyroidismBiotinidase deficiencyDiversionSodium benzoateUrea cycle disordersDrugs that sequester bile acids in the intestine (e.g., colesevelam)Familial hypercholesterolemia heterozygotesEnzyme inhibitionStatinsFamilial hypercholesterolemia heterozygotesReceptor antagonismLosartan (investigational)Marfan syndromeDepletionLDL apheresis (direct removal of…
Aneuploidy
CNS, Central nervous system. The developmental abnormalities characteristic of any one trisomic state must be determined by the extra dosage of the particular genes on the additional chromosome. Knowledge of…
of Sex Development
DSD, Disorder of sex development. Updated from Achermann JC, Hughes IA: Disorders of sex development. In Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM, editors: Williams textbook of endocrinology, ed…
of the Genome
Figure 2-8 A typical mitotic cell cycle, described in the text. The telomeres, the centromere, and sister chromatids are indicated. The cell cycle is governed by a series of checkpoints that determine…
