Neurophysiology
B. Classification of Afferent Nerve Fibers 1. Nerve fibers are called afferent if they transmit impulses from peripheral receptors to the central nervous system (CNS) and efferent if they transmit impulses from…
Inhaled Anesthetics
1. Recognition that replacing a hydrogen atom with a fluorine atom decreased flammability led to the introduction, in 1951, of the first halogenated hydrocarbon anesthetic, fluroxene. 2. Halothane was synthesized in 1951…
Cardiac Physiology
a. The RCA usually supplies the most of the right ventricle, a small part of the diaphragmatic aspect of left ventricle, the right atrium, part of left atrium, and posteroinferior one-third…
Circulatory Physiology
A. Endothelial Function and Regulation of Vascular Tone. Endothelial synthesis and release of vasoactive mediators are important elements in the regulation of vascular tone. Under physiologic conditions, local vascular pressure and…
Chemotherapeutic Drugs
C. It is predictable that clinical manifestations of toxicity caused by chemotherapeutic drugs often include myelosuppression (leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or anemia), nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mucosal ulceration, dermatitis, and alopecia as these represent…
Gas Exchange
b. The larynx serves as the organ of phonation, plays an important role in coughing, and in airway protection from aspiration. c. The paired vocal cords attach posteriorly to the vocal process…
Basic Principles of Pharmacology
C. An antagonist is a drug that binds to the receptor without activating the receptor (Fig. 2-2). 1. Antagonists block the action of agonists simply by getting in the way of the…
Normal Endocrine Function
A. Anterior Pituitary (see Table 37-2) 1. Growth hormone (somatotropin; GH) stimulates growth of all tissues in the body (linear bone growth) and evokes intense metabolic effects (protein synthesis, mobilization of fatty…
Gastrointestinal Physiology
A. Anatomy 1. The liver is divided into four lobes consisting of 50,000 to 100,000 individual hepatic lobules (Fig. 32-1). 2. Each hepatocyte is also located adjacent to bile canaliculi, which coalesce to…
Sympatholytics
C. Classification (Tables 19-1 and 19-2) D. Pharmacokinetics (see Table 19-1) 1. The principal difference in pharmacokinetics between all the β-adrenergic receptor antagonists is the elimination half-time ranging from brief for esmolol (about…
