Figure 51.1 Physiology of penile erection. In the flaccid state, there is free outflow of venous blood and restricted inflow of arterial blood. During sexual arousal, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) relaxes arterial…
Figure 42.1 Basic structure of plasma lipoproteins. Apolipoproteins All lipoproteins have one or more apolipoprotein molecules embedded in their shell (see Fig. 42.1). Apolipoproteins, which constitute the protein component of lipoproteins,…
Figure 79.1 Structure of the human immunodeficiency virus. Note that HIV has two single strands of RNA and that each strand is associated with a molecule of reverse transcriptase. gp41, glycoprotein 41;…
Diuretics Hydrochlorothiazide Spironolactone Beta-Adrenergic Blocker Metoprolol Inhibitors of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Captopril (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor) Losartan (angiotensin II receptor blocker) Aliskiren (direct renin inhibitor) Eplerenone (aldosterone antagonist) Calcium Channel Blockers…
Figure 48.1 The menstrual cycle: anatomic and hormonal changes. FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone. Ovarian and Uterine Events The menstrual cycle consists of a coordinated series of ovarian and uterine events….
Figure 54.1 Release of histamine by allergen-antibody interaction. (IgE, immunoglobulin E.) Nonallergic Release Several agents (certain drugs, radiocontrast media, plasma expanders) can act directly on mast cells to trigger histamine release. With…
Figure 66.1 Body mass index calculation. Figure 66.2 Adult weight classification based on body mass index (BMI). (Adapted from National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Body Mass Index Table, 2012. Complete table available…
Fluoroquinolone Ciprofloxacin Cyclic Lipopeptide Daptomycin Mechanism of Action Ciprofloxacin inhibits two bacterial enzymes: DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Both are needed for DNA replication and cell division. DNA gyrase converts…
Figure 57.1 Progressive joint degeneration in rheumatoid arthritis. A, Healthy joint. B, Inflammation of synovial membrane. C, Onset of pannus formation and cartilage erosion. D, Pannus formation progresses, and cartilage deteriorates further….
Figure 52.1 Maturation of blood cells. With the exception of platelets and erythrocytes, all of the mature blood cells shown participate in immune responses. However, only cells of lymphoid origin (cytolytic T…
