Estimated 3-4 million persons infected in United States Etiology/Pathogenesis • Common modes of transmission include blood transfusion, needle stick Clinical Issues • Presenting symptoms nonspecific (fatigue, anorexia, nausea) Many patients asymptomatic • Liver…
Type 1: Absolute insulin deficiency Type 2: Insulin resistance and inadequate secretion Etiology/Pathogenesis • Unknown and multifactorial Possible autoimmune causes Some genetic causes Diseases of exocrine pancreas Clinical Issues • Laboratory tests…
Pseudopapillae formation • Intracytoplasmic eosinophilic hyaline globules, PASD(+) • Uniform round to oval nuclei with finely dispersed chromatin • Neoplastic cells often have nuclear grooves Ancillary Tests • Immunohistochemistry: Nuclear β-catenin, cytoplasmic CD10, loss…
Immunosuppressed recipient cannot destroy donor cells Clinical Issues • Represents major hepatic complication after stem cell transplant • Common presenting signs are jaundice and hepatomegaly • Elevated serum alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin • Variably…
Minority of cases progress to chronic hepatitis and rarely cirrhosis Jaundice, high AST levels, and preexisting chronic liver disease are adverse prognostic factors Microscopic • Most medications produce inflammation-predominant pattern • Most…
Cardiac abnormalities, particularly pulmonary stenosis Skeletal abnormalities, particularly butterfly vertebrae Ocular abnormalities, particularly posterior embryotoxon Characteristic facies Etiology/Pathogenesis • Mutations in J AG1 gene, which encodes ligand for Notch receptor • Interaction…
Portal vein thrombosis Reduced portal flow velocity (stasis) Vascular injury Tumor thrombosis Extrinsic compression by mass or fibrogenic lesions Congenital vascular anomalies • Intrahepatic Propagation of large portal vein thrombosis or…
Usually stratified squamous epithelium but cuboidal or transitional-like epithelium may be present Dense distinct band of lymphoid tissue • Other elements variably present • Adjacent pancreas is often unremarkable Top Differential Diagnoses…
Numerous species widely present in environment; worldwide distribution – Transmission typically by inhalation or ingestion Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare, known together as Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC), most commonly cause hepatic…
3 forms: Perihilar, distal, and diffuse • Klatskin tumor: Perihilar tumor occurring at confluence of right and left hepatic ducts Etiology/Pathogenesis • Numerous risk factors, including developmental anomalies, flukes, primary sclerosing cholangitis…
