Regulation of the Heart and Vasculature
CHAPTER 18 Regulation of the Heart and Vasculature REGULATION OF HEART RATE AND CONTRACTILITY Cardiac output is defined as the quantity of blood pumped by the heart each minute. Cardiac…
Skeletal Muscle Physiology
CHAPTER 12 Skeletal Muscle Physiology Muscle cells are highly specialized cells for the conversion of chemical energy to mechanical energy. Specifically, muscle cells use the energy in ATP to generate…
Role of the Kidneys in the Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
CHAPTER 36 Role of the Kidneys in the Regulation of Acid-Base Balance The concentration of H+ in body fluids is low in comparison to the concentration of other ions. For…
The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
CHAPTER 40 The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland The pituitary gland (also called the hypophysis) is a small (about 0.5 g in weight), yet complex endocrine structure at the base of…
The Small Intestinal Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal
CHAPTER 29 The Small Intestinal Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal The small intestine is the critical portion of the intestinal tract for assimilation of nutrients. In this…
The Adrenal Gland
CHAPTER 42 The Adrenal Gland In adults, the adrenal glands emerge as fairly complex endocrine structures that produce two structurally distinct classes of hormones: steroids and catecholamines. The catecholamine hormone…
Control of Body Fluid Osmolality and Volume
CHAPTER 34 Control of Body Fluid Osmolality and Volume The kidneys maintain the osmolality and volume of body fluids within a narrow range by regulating the excretion of water and…
Principles of Cell Function
CHAPTER 1 Principles of Cell Function The human body is composed of billions of cells, each with a distinct function. Despite this diversity in cell function, all cells share certain…
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport
CHAPTER 23 Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport The respiratory and circulatory systems function together to transport sufficient oxygen (O2) from the lungs to the tissues to sustain normal cellular activity…
Potassium, Calcium, and Phosphate Homeostasis
CHAPTER 35 Potassium, Calcium, and Phosphate Homeostasis K+ HOMEOSTASIS Potassium (K+) is one of the most abundant cations in the body, and it is critical for many cell functions, including…
