Pantothenic Acid1 Paula R. Trumbo 1Abbreviations: AI, adequate intake; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; CoA, coenzyme A; NBIA, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation; PKAN, pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegen-eration; TCA, tricarboxylic acid. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW…

Vitamin K1 John W. Suttie 1Abbreviations: AI, adequate intake; ApoE, apolipoprotein E; DRI, dietary reference intake; EAR, estimated average requirement; Gla, γ-carboxyglutamic acid; GRP, Gla-rich protein; HCO3–, bicarbonate; INR, international…

Riboflavin1 Hamid M. Said A. Catharine Ross 1Abbreviations: EGRAC, erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient; FAD, flavin adenine dinucleotide; FMN, flavin mononucleotide; G6PD, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; Na+, sodium; RDA, recommended dietary allowance;…

Thiamin1 Chantal BéMeur Roger F. Butterworth 1Abbreviations: α-KTG, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase; BBB, blood-brain barrier; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; IgG, immunoglobulin G; KP, korsakoff psychosis; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate;…

Vitamin D1 Glenville Jones 1Abbreviations: 1α,25-(OH)2D, 1α,25-dihydroxy vitamin D; 1α,25-(OH)2D3, 1α,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3; 25-OH-D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; BMI, body mass index; Ca2+, calcium ion; CYP, cytochrome P-450; DBP, vitamin D-binding protein;…

Selenium1 Roger A. Sunde 1Abbreviations: ApoER2, apolipoprotein E receptor; DRI, dietary reference intake; EAR, estimated average requirement; GPX, glutathione peroxidase; GSH, glutathione; NHANES, third National Health and Nutrition Survey; NOAEL,…

Vitamin A1 A. Catharine Ross 1Abbreviations: APL, acute promyelocytic leukemia; CIC, conjunctival impression cytology; CRABP, cellular retinoic acid -binding protein; CRALBP, cellular retinal-binding protein; CRBP, cellular retinol-binding protein; CRP, C-reactive…

Magnesium1 Robert K. Rude† †Deceased. 1Abbreviations: AAS, atomic absorption spectrophotometry; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; Ca, calcium; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; DRI, dietary reference intake; EGF, epidermal growth…

Copper1 James F. Collins 1Abbreviations: AAS, atomic absorption spectroscopy; AI, adequate intake; ATOX1, chaperone for Menkes copper ATPase; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; ATP7A, Menkes copper transporting ATPase; CCO, cytochrome c oxidase;…

Trace Elements1 Curtis D. Eckhert 1Abbreviations: AI, adequate intake; As, arsenic; AsO2–, arsenite; ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase; B, boron; Ca2+, calcium; cADPR, cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose; CO2, carbon dioxide; Cr, chromium;…