Human Immunodeficiency Viruses: Replication Eric O. Freed Malcolm A. Martin Introduction In the late 1970s and early 1980s, previously healthy patients with symptoms of immunologic dysfunction sought advice and treatment…
Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Types 1 and 2 Masahiro Fujii Masao Matsuoka History The discovery of oncogenic retroviruses in animals led to a search for retroviruses in human cancer cells….
Retroviridae Stephen P. Goff The retrovirus family, the Retroviridae, are a large and diverse group of viruses found in all vertebrates. These viruses replicate through an extraordinary and unique life…
Orbiviruses Polly Roy History Two important orbivirus diseases are African horse sickness (AHS) and Bluetongue (BT) disease of sheep and cattle, both recognized first on the African continent.47,124 The first…
Rotaviruses Mary K. Estes Harry B. Greenberg Introduction and History Rotaviruses are the single most important cause of severe diarrheal illness in infants and young children in both developed and…
Orthoreoviruses Terence S. Dermody John S. L. Parker Barbara Sherry Introduction and History Basic Features of the Reoviridae Members of the Reoviridae form nonenveloped virions composed of 1 to 3…
Arenaviridae Michael J. Buchmeier Juan-Carlos de la Torre Clarence J. Peters History Arenaviruses cause chronic infections of rodents indigenous to Europe, Africa, the Americas, and perhaps other continents. These asymptomatically…
Bunyaviridae Richard M. Elliott Connie S. Schmaljohn History The family Bunyaviridae takes its name from Bunyamwera virus (BUNV), which was isolated originally from Aedes mosquitoes in the Semliki Forest, Uganda,…
Orthomyxoviridae Megan L. Shaw Peter Palese Influenza viruses were probably responsible for the disease described by Hippocrates in 412 BC,275 and thus they have been with us for a long,…
Bornaviridae Christiane Herden Thomas Briese W. Ian Lipkin Jürgen A. Richt History The syndrome we know as Borna disease (BD) was first described in European veterinary textbooks in the 1700s331,358…
