Fundamental concepts
Chapter 1Fundamental concepts This chapter provides a summary background to observational studies, their main purposes, the common types of designs, and some key design features. Further details on design and…
GENERAL SURGERY
Conducting and reporting observational studies
Chapter 11Conducting and reporting observational studies There are established systems for conducting and reporting observational studies, and most will proceed through a standard set of stages (Box 11.1). Box 11.1…
Quality of care studies
Chapter 8Quality of care studies Chapters 5–7 focussed on studies that examined the relationship between exposures and outcome measures, usually for a well-defined clinical disorder. In a similar way, it…
Neurosurgery
Chapter 21 Neurosurgery Sarah J. Krizman Germanovich Neurosurgery is a very diverse, complex, and challenging specialty. Brain surgery is performed for head injury, tumors, vascular disorders, hydrocephalus, epilepsy, and Parkinson disease….
Surgical Modalities
Chapter 8 Surgical Modalities Kay A. Ball Surgery continues to evolve as less-invasive procedures and instrumentation are adopted. Modalities have been developed that enhance and advance surgical procedures. This chapter provides…
Reconstructive and Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
Chapter 22 Reconstructive and Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Theresa Fink and Robert M. Blumm Derived from the Greek word plastikos, which means to mold or give form, plastic surgery is a medical…
Orthopedic Surgery
Chapter 20 Orthopedic Surgery Barbara Bowen The word orthopédie is derived from the Greek orthos, meaning “straight,” and paideia, meaning “rearing of children.” It was first used by Nicholas Andry in…
Pediatric Surgery
Chapter 26 Pediatric Surgery Leigh Ann Difusco Pediatrics is a specialty focused on the health and well-being of neonates, infants, children, and adolescents. The pediatric patient often needs surgery for congenital…
Sutures, Needles, and Instruments
Chapter 7 Sutures, Needles, and Instruments Jim McCarthy Sutures, needles, and instruments are the tools of the surgical team that are necessary to successfully complete a surgical procedure. It is the…
Positioning the Patient for Surgery
Chapter 6 Positioning the Patient for Surgery Pauline Anne Heizenroth Proper patient positioning is essential for safe, successful surgery procedures. The surgical team ensures uncompromised and physiologically safe patient positioning by…
